【作者】 张河清；

【导师】 何一民；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 专门史， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 湘江是长江的重要支流，也是湖南省境内最大的河流，自秦代开凿灵渠以来，便成为沟通长江水系与珠江水系、连接中原与岭南的重要水上交通要冲。湘江是湖南的母亲河，是湖南最重要的发展之源。湘江沿岸在不同历史时期产生了许多城市，有着各自不同的发展历程和鲜明的特色，湘江作为天然的纽带，将他们有机的联系在一起，因而它们又是相互联系、相互影响的城市群。本文以湘江沿岸主要城市永州、衡阳、湘潭、长沙、岳阳为研究对象。这些城市作为人口、资源、信息的集约点和集散地，是湖南地域范围内的政治、军事重镇或经济、文化中心，在湖南文明史上，在区域发展进程中发挥了十分重要的作用。本文以17世纪中期～20世纪初期为研究时段，以清王朝的发展变迁为主要线索，兼顾明末和民国时期近三百年的时间跨度，从城市发展与社会变迁的角度来探讨湘江沿岸城市的发展动力、城市发展的规模结构及其功能演变、城市兴衰的原因和表现、城市发展的特点和社会变迁的一般规律，对湘江沿岸的城市发展进行长时段、宽视野、综合性的研究。全文共分九个部分，正文共七章，另加绪论和结语，文中还附有多幅图表。绪论部分，主要就选题的学术意义和现实意义进行了说明；对近年来国内外相关的学术成果和研究动态进行了梳理；同时对本文应用的理论方法、技术手段，研究的重点、难点及创新点进行了分析。第一章《湘江沿岸城市发展概况》，本章概述了湘江沿岸主要城市岳阳、长沙、湘潭、衡阳、永州产生和发展的历史渊源；将17世纪中期～20世纪初期的城市发展脉络划分为严重破坏、恢复重建、走向繁荣和近代转型四个阶段；还与同时期的长江中游城市群、珠江流域城市群进行了比较分析。第二章《湘江沿岸城市发展动力》，本章主要从政治及行政体制、经济发展环境、交通及专业市场变化以及地域文化的影响等角度探讨了湘江沿岸城市发展的动力结构和主要因素。认为政治因素是湘江沿岸城市发展的主导性动力因素；近代以来，随着岳、长开埠通商，城市发展动力逐步由“政治因素为主导”过渡到“政治行政中心优先发展”和“经济中心优先发展”双重动力结构。第三章《湘江沿岸城市等级规模结构和功能嬗变》，本章考察了农业时代湘江沿岸城市等级规模结构，分析了近代以来，随着岳、长开埠通商和资本主义工商业的兴起，引发城市的等级规模结构的早期现代化变迁。总体来看，湘江沿岸城市等级结构规模偏小，中心城市聚集能力和辐射能力偏弱，城市发展的早期现代化进程缓慢，城市功能近代嬗变虽然比较明显，但湘江沿岸城市始终未能走上工业化发展道路。第四章《湘江沿岸城市人口发展与社会演变》，人是社会生活的主体，是深刻影响社会发展的重要因素。本章通过对湘江沿岸城市人口、城市社会风俗、婚姻家庭的发展变迁以及湘江沿岸城市文化教育和科技发展状况的考察，进一步理清人口变迁、社会演变与城市发展的互动关系。第五章《湘江沿岸城市工商业》，从湘江沿岸城市商业、城市手工业和城市经济组织的考察来看，近代以前基本上反映了传统城市工商业的发展特征：一是为内向型的商品流通服务；二是商业规模比较狭小；三是商业组织和经营方式束缚在传统经济体制的框架以内。湘江沿岸城市商业经济主要是由外来商人培植和支撑起来的，外来商人(特别是江西商人)居于绝对的主导地位，本地商人所起的作用十分有限，这是湘江沿岸城市商业经济发展的显著特点。随着开埠通商以及由此而引起的传统商路的转移，湘江沿岸城市发展格局发生了重大的变化，岳阳、长沙因商而起，湘潭、衡阳则因市场的变化而逐步衰落。第六章《湘江沿岸城乡关系的变迁》，本章考察了湘江沿岸联系城乡的市镇发展变化情况、城市周边农村的经济状况，分析了城市发展对农村经济的影响以及农村产业结构的近代变迁。开埠通商使湘江沿岸城市走上了早期现代化发展道路，湘江沿岸城市早期现代化从一开始就在城乡分裂的空间结构中展开，从而在城乡之间产生了现代产业部门与传统产业部门的二元并立现象。城乡在经济、政治、社会和文化方面越来越大的差异最终导致了城乡之间的全面对立，农村陷入了严重的衰败与动荡之中，而农村的衰败与动荡反作用于城市的早期现代化，构成了湘江沿岸城市早期现代化受挫的一个深层原因。第七章《湘江沿岸城市社会生活》，城市社会生活面貌是城市发展与变迁的晴雨表。城市社会的结构变化，与城市居民的生活特征和生活变迁有着最紧密的关系。本章主要考察了湘江沿岸城市市民阶层、绅士阶层、资产阶级等阶层的社会生活，并对城市的宗教和祭祀活动做了简要介绍和分析。透过城市社会生活的考察，从另一个层面来分析和把握湘江沿岸城市发展和变迁的特性。结语部分对17世纪中期～20世纪初期湘江沿岸城市发展的特点进行了总结和评价，作者认为：湘江沿岸城市作为中国内陆区域性城市带，其发展经历了从传统到早期现代化的艰难转型过程。在这个过程中，既体现了中国城市发展和转型的一般特点，又显示出内陆沿江区域性城市的典型个性。从城市发展的动力模式看，政治因素是湘江沿岸城市发展的主导性动力，进入近代以来逐步过渡到“政治行政中心优先发展”与“经济中心优先发展”共同发挥作用的新阶段；从发展演变的过程看，城市发展的不平衡性和相对独立性并存；从城市发展的个性特点看，中心城市的聚集能力和辐射能力偏弱；从城市发展的结果看，早期现代化进程缓慢。更多还原

【Abstract】 Xiangjiang River is an important tributary of Yangtze River, and also the biggest river in Hunan province. Xiangjiang River has been an important strategic traffic point on water which has been used to link up Changjiang River and Zhujiang River, to connect the middle plain and south of the Five Ridges since the Ling Channel had been constructed in Qing Dynasty. Xiangjiang River is the mother river of Hunan, and acts as the most important developmental origin of Hunan. A number of cities came into being during different history periods along coastwise of Xiangjiang River. They possess different developmental courses and distinct characteristics. And at the same time they form a city group in which they contact and affect each other. Xiangjiang River is taken as a natural link to bound them together organically.The article takes the cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River such as Yongzhou, Hengyang, Xiangtan, Changsha and Yueyang as its research object. These cities are intensive points and concentration places of population, natural resources and information, and also are important political, military towns or economical, cultural centers within Hunan Province, and these cities play very important roles in the civilization history of Hunan Province and in the progress of the district development. The article takes the period from the middle of 17^th century to the early of 20^th century as its research period, takes the development and changes of Qing Dynasty as its main clue, gives consideration to both the end of Ming Dynasty and Civilian period, spans about more than 300 years. And this article explores some aspects which are the developmental motivation of the cities along Coastwise of Xiangjiang River, the scope and construction of the development of these cities and their functional changes, the consequences and representations of the vicissitude of these cities, the characteristics of the development of these cities and the general rules of the changes of society etc. from the angle of the development of cities and the changes of society. This article also tries a long-period, wide-field of vision and comprehensive research on the development of the cities along Coastwise of Xiangjiang River.The article is divided into nine parts, the main body consists of seven chapters, the other two parts are introduction and conclusion, and there are a number of additional charts.The introduction mainly illustrates the academic meaning and realistic meaning of the topic, combs relative academic achievements and research trends in and abroad in recent years, at the same time analyses theoretical methods, technical means, the difficulties, essential points and creative points of research of this article.The first chapter "The Developmental Survey of the Cities along Coastwise of Xiangjiang River " introduces the developmental history of the main cities along Coastwise of Xiangjiang River such as Yongzhou, Hengyang, Xiangtan, Changsha and Yueyang, in order to gain some general knowledge about the development of every city.The second chapter "The Developmental Motivation of the Cities along Coastwise of Xiangjiang River" starts from the comprehensive analysis of the relative researches on developmental motivation of these cities and the motivation construction affecting the development of these cities, explores the motivation construction and main factors of the development of the cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River from some angles which are political and administrative system, the environment of economical development, changes of transportation and special market and influence of local culture.The third chapter "The Hierarchic Scope Construction and Functional Changes of the Cities along Coastwise of Xiangjiang River" takes the hierarchic scope construction system of the cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River in the era of agriculture as its base, analyses early modern changes of the hierarchic scope construction of cities which was brought out by the wharfs were opened and the commerce began to develop between Yueyang and Changsha and capitalist business was developed in modern times, and makes some primary explores on the functional changes of the cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River.The fourth chapter "The Development of the Population of the Cities along Coastwise of Xiangjiang River and the Changes of Society " tells that human beings are the main body of the social life, and important elements that can influence the development of society deeply. This chapter makes clear mutual active relationship among the changes of population, the evolvement of society and the development of these cities through making exploration on the population of these cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River, social customs of these cities, the development and changes of marriage and families and the cultural, educational and scientific development phenomena of these cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River.The fifth chapter is "The Business of the Cities along Coastwise of Xiangjiang River". Looking from the exploration of the industry and commerce of these cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River, the handicraft and the economical organization of these cities, before modern times they basically reflected the developmental characteristics of traditional industry and commerce of cities: one is serving for commercial circulation oriented to the domestic market, another is the narrowness of commercial scope, the third is that the organization and management modes of commerce is tied up within the frame of traditional economical system. With the open of wharfs and circulation of commerce at the end of 19^th century and the early of 20^th century and the corresponding shift of traditional commercial route, the industry and commerce of the cities along Coastwise of Xiangjiang River and the commercial organization have turned up important changes. Consequently, some cities rise, while some decline gradually. This chapter analyses the developmental situation of the industry and commerce of the cities along Coastwise of Xiangjiang River according to this , then explores its influence on the development and changes of cities.The sixth chapter is "The Changes of the Relationship between Cities and Countries along Coastwise of Xiangjiang River". The relationship between cities and countries is a kind of universal connection and mutual active relationship which widely exists between cities and countries and affects, influences and restricts each other, and it reflects political relationship, economical relationship, class relationship and other factors in the relationship between cities and countries under certain social conditions. This chapter inspects situation of the development and changes of the towns which connect cities and countries along Coastwise of Xiangjiang River and economical situation of the countries around cities, analyses the influences on the rural economy caused by the development of cities and changes of the rural industrial construction in modern times, and makes some primary exploration on the status and effects of the changeable rural economy in the developmental course of the cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River.The seventh chapter "The Social Life in the Cities along Coastwise of Xiangjiang River" tells that the outlook of social life in cities is a barometer of the development and changes of these cities. Changes of social construction of these cities have the closest relationship with the characteristics of residents’ lives in cities and the changes of their lives. This chapter mainly investigates social lives of citizens, gentlemen, capitalists and people belong to other classes in the cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River, and makes brief introduction and analysis about the religion and the activities offering sacrifice to gods in these cities. Through the investigation of social life in cities, it analyses and grasps the characteristics of the development and changes of the cities along Coastwise of Xiangjiang River from another level.The article evaluates the characteristics of the development of the cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River during the period from the middle of 17^th century to the early of 20^th century at the end of the article. The cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River form a regional city belt in interior of China, and their development experienced a hard change from traditionalism to modernism. This course reflects not only universal characteristics of the development and changes of cities in China, but also typical individualities of regional cities along rivers inland. From the viewpoint of the motivation pattern of cities’ development, characteristics of adherence-style development are more distinct, political factors are dominant motivation of the development of the cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River, and other factors occupy relatively subordinate position. From the viewpoint of the process of the development of the cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River, on one hand it appears a certain degree of imbalance, at the same time it represents some relative independence so far as the development pattern of cities is concerned, it lacks close connection and mutual active system among every city, in the mass it restricts the development of the cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River. From the viewpoint of the radiation and influence of the development of cities, it lacks a core city possessing strong radiant ability, the demonstrative effect and driving operation of Changsha on other cities along Xiangjiang River are not distinct, the development of cities is more dependent on the influence and radiation of the districts in the middle of China which takes Wuhan as its center and commercial routes along Changjiang River, and regional central cities lack of developmental and radiant ability. From the viewpoint of the consequences of the development of the cities along coastwise of Xiangjiang River,the speed of early modernization was very slowly.更多还原