【作者】 杨宗渠；

【导师】 尹钧；

【作者基本信息】 河南农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 小麦是我国重要的粮食作物,随着种植业结构的调整,“九五”末与“十五”初小麦种植面积出现较大幅度的下降,而国内消费量及消费水平有增无减,小麦供需安全出现较严峻的局面,提高单产、确保总产成为保障我国粮食安全的重要途径。因此,提高小麦对光温水资源的利用能力,增加光合产物的积累、提高单产,对于提高小麦产量和生产效益具有重要意义。小麦生产系统包括品种、环境和技术。小麦生长发育与环境条件之间的关系,包括环境对小麦生育需求满足的程度和小麦对环境的适应和资源利用程度,是小麦丰产高效生产的基础,也是减少栽培技术投入、减轻灾害损失、获得高产的重要途径。因此,确定适宜的品种与播种期,确立合理的群体结构,协调群体和个体发育,高效利用光温资源、最大限度地发挥品种增产潜力,就成为强化品种、资源环境和栽培技术的有机结合,实现小麦高产、高效和生态安全生产的重要问题。本研究以黄淮麦区大面积推广的29个品种为试验材料,采用室内春化处理和田间分期播种的方法,对黄淮麦区小麦品种进行了春化发育分类,研究了不同春化处理和冬前积温对小麦生育期、穗分化发育进程的影响,探讨了冬前积温对光能利用率的调控作用。其主要研究结果如下:1、黄淮麦区不同小麦品种的春化发育特性春化处理后不同品种的苗穗期、出苗期至幼穗分化二棱期的天数均随春化时间的延长而有不同程度的缩短,但不同品种间存在较大差异。以苗穗期平均值和变异系数、幼穗分化至二棱期所需天数的平均值和变异系数以及未经春化处理的出苗至二棱期天数为指标进行聚类分析,取相异性指标10,将参试品种分为春型、半冬型和冬型3大类群;取相异性指标5,又将春型分为2类、半冬型分为2类,共可细分为春性、弱春性、半冬型偏春性、半冬型偏冬性和冬型5个类型。5个春化发育类型中,春性品种和弱春性品种不经春化处理也可正常完成幼穗分化过程,春性品种春化反应微弱,0d、10d、20d和30d春化处理的苗穗期变异系数5%左右。弱春性品种的春化反应强于春性品种,不同春化处理的苗穗期变异系数在8%左右。半冬型偏春性品种的春化反应比弱春性品种强,不同春化处理的苗穗期变异系数18%左右,正常幼穗分化需要10d 0～2℃的低温。半冬型偏冬性品种的春化反应又强于半冬型偏春性品种,不同春化处理的苗穗期变异系数25%左右,0～2℃的低温达到20d才能完成正常的幼穗分化。冬型品种的春化反应更强,不同春化处理的苗穗期变异系数在30%以上,正常幼穗分化需要30d 0～2℃的低温。2、不同发育特性小麦品种叶片与小穗原基分化的同步关系小麦小穗原基分化对应的叶龄和叶龄余数受冬前积温和前期低温的影响较大,不同冬前积温和春化处理的叶龄指数则较为稳定,不同春化发育特性小麦品种的叶龄指标品种间差异大于冬前积温和春化处理之间的差异。表明主茎叶龄与小穗原基分化的对应关系受生态因子及栽培条件的影响较大,不宜将叶龄作为冬前壮苗的形态指标,而叶龄指数和小穗原基分化之间存在确定的量化关系,且主要由品种特性决定。春性品种进入二棱期和护颖分化期的叶龄指数分别在40%～45%和51%～58%,弱春性品种进入二棱期和护颖分化期的叶龄指数分别为45%～51%和57%～62%,半冬型偏春性品种进入二棱期和护颖分化期的叶龄指数分别在50%～55%和60%～64%,半冬型偏冬性品种进入二棱期和护颖分化期的叶龄指数分别为55%～59%和63%～67%。3、冬前积温对小麦品种幼穗分化的调控效应小麦的幼穗分化进程既取决于品种特性,又受到冬前积温的影响。随冬前积温的减小,不同幼穗分化时期所需的累积GDD减少,冬前积温对小麦幼穗分化的影响主要表现在单棱期和二棱期,护颖分化期之后幼穗分化受冬前积温的影响较小,冬型品种幼穗分化累积GDD对冬前积温最敏感,半冬型偏冬性品种次之,弱春性品种则对冬前积温不敏感。不同春化发育特性品种的小穗原基分化对温度的需求不同,对于春性和弱春性品种,14℃以上GDD不能满足幼穗正常发育的需求,而对14℃以下GDD有相对稳定的需求,当14℃以下GDD分别达到232～264和236～280时,幼穗可正常分化进入二棱始期;对于半冬型偏春性品种和半冬型偏冬性品种而言,12℃以上GDD不能满足幼穗正常发育的需求,而对12℃以下GDD的需求比较稳定,分别达到252～262和261～268之后,幼穗分化可正常进入二棱始期。4、冬前积温对小麦光能利用率的调控效应冬前积温对不同品种的光能利用率有显著影响。弱春性品种兰考矮早8冬前积温572℃、半冬型偏冬性品种周麦18冬前积温688℃,利于获得冬前壮苗,生育期内有较高的LAI,截获太阳辐射的比例大,分蘖成穗多,生育后期群体光合速率较高;冬前积温对Fv/Fm无显著影响,但兰考矮早8的冬前积温688℃和572℃以及周麦18冬前积温688℃的Fv/Fo及孕穗期到灌浆初期的qP值和ETR,均大于冬前积温462℃。两个类型的光能利用率,在播种至起身随冬前积温的减少而减小,起身至灌浆中期,以兰考矮早8冬前积温572℃和周麦18冬前积温688℃最高。播种到起身光能利用率低下是全生育期光能利用率低的原因之一,兰考矮早8冬前积温572℃、周麦18冬前积温688℃时,冠层群体和籽粒的光能利用率最高。在明确了不同品种春化发育特性的基础上,根据幼穗分化至二棱始期的适宜温度上限,以越冬期幼苗幼穗分化二棱始期并达到壮苗标准为依据,参考常年的日均温资料计算出不同地区在越冬期达到适宜的幼穗发育阶段所需的累积生长度日(GDD),可确定不同小麦品种在不同地区的适宜播种期。更多还原

【Abstract】 Wheat is one of important crop in China.With regulation of plantation structure,the acreage of wheat has significantly decreased in recent years at the end of "the Nineth Five-year Plan"and the beginning of "the Tenth Five-year Plan",though consumption amount increased.Security of wheat was faced with serious challenge. Raising the per unite yield is an important way to ensure total ouput and grain security. Increasing accumulation of photosynthetic product is beneficial to raising of the per unite yield.Improving ability to use solar radiation,temperature and water has significance for raising the per unite yield and benefit of wheat.The production system of wheat includes cultivar,environment and technology. Relationship between the growth and development of wheat and environmental factors,which includes fitness of environment for wheat and ability to use environmental factors of wheat,is the foundation of high yield and better benefit of wheat production as well as the important way of reducing production cost,reducing losses caused by natural calamity and gaining high yield.The proper population structure would promote coordinative development of individual and population, which is helpful for use of solar radiation and temperature resources and tapping production potentialities of cultivars.Proper cultivars,their suitable sowing dates and proper population structure are significant questions of better combination of cultivars, environment and technology,as well as of high yield,better benefit and ecological safety.In this study,twenty-nine wheat cultivars(Triticum aestivum L.)were used in sowing dates experiment and vernalization treatments experiment.Wheat cultivars in the wheat fields of Yellow River and Huaihe River area were classified according to their vernalization development character.The effects of vernalization treatments and accumulated temperature before wintering on growing period,initiation and duration of spike differentiation were investigated.The regulation effects of accumulated temperature before wintering on solar radiation use efficiency were also studied.The main results were as follows: 1 Vernalization development characteristics of different wheat cultivarsSeedling-heading period and duration from emergence stage to appearance of double ridge of spike differentiation were shorter with prolonging vernalization time. After vernalization treatment,there is larger difference in seedling-heading period and duration from emergence stage to appearance of double ridge among different cultivars.Twenty-nine cultivars in this experiment were classified to three types by means of cluster analysis,which are Spring-type,Semi-Winter-type and Winter-type. They can be further classified to five types,i.e.Spring(S),Poor Spring(PS),Poor Winter-Spring(PWS),Winter-Spring(WS)and Winter(W).Among five vernalization development types,Spring and Poor Spring cultivars can differentiate spike and head normally without vernalization treatment.Vernalization response of Spring cultivars was poor,coefficient of variation of seedling-heading period among four vernalization treatment of 0d,10d,20d and 30d was about 5%.Vernalization response of Poor Spring cultivars was more than Spring cultivars,coefficient of variation of seedling-heading period under different vernalization treatment was 8% approximately.Vernalization response of Poor Winter-Spring cultivars was richer than Poor Spring cultivars and was poorer than Winter-Spring cultivars.Spike differentiation of PWS and WS required low temperature at 0～2℃for 10d and 20d respectively.Coefficient of variation of seedling-heading period of PWS and WS under different vernalization treatment was about 18%and 25%respectively.As to Winter cultivars,spike differentiation can initiate but would stop in double ridges stage if cultivars were not treated at low temperature.Vernalization response of Winter cultivars was richer than four other types of vernalization development. Coefficient of variation of seedling-heading period of W under different vernalization treatment was more than 30%.Low temperature(0～2℃)for 30d was enough for spike differentiation of Winter cultivars.2 Corresponding relation between leaf and spikelet primordium differentiation of different development types of wheat cultivarsLeaf number and remaining leaf primordium.number are significantly influenced by accumulated temperature before winter and vernalization treatments,whereas leaf number index of different Accumulated temperature before winter and vernalization treatments is relatively stable.Difference of leaf number,remaining leaf primordium number and leaf number index among cultivars is larger than among different accumulated temperature before winter and vernalization treatments.Leaf number index in double ridges stage and glume stage is mainly determined by cultivar traits. These observations imply that corresponding relation between leaf number and spikelet primordium differentiation is markedly affected by ecological factors and cultivating conditions.As one of the standards of strong seedlings before wintering, leaf number is not suitable.The investigation concludes that there is definitely corresponding relation between leaf number index and spikelet primordium differentiation.Leaf number indices in double ridges stage of S and PS cultivars are 40%～45%and 45%～51%respectively,and those of PWS and WS cultivars are 50%～55% and 55%～59%.3 Effects of accumulated temperature before winter on spike differentiation of different vernalization development types of wheat cultivarsThe progress of spike differentiation of wheat depends on cultivar traits as well as accumulated temperature before winter.Accumulated temperature before winter mainly influence single ridge stage and double ridges stage of spike differentiation. The influence of accumulated temperature before winter on spike differentiation is getting smaller after glume differentiation stage.With decrease of accumulated temperature before winter,GDD in each stage of spike differentiation reduces.The effects of accumulated temperature before winter on accumulated GDD of spike differentiation vary with vernalization development types of wheat cultivars.GDD of Winter-Spring cultivars is more sensitive to accumulated temperature before winter than Poor Spring cultivars and GDD of Winter cultivars is most sensitive.The upper limits of suitable temperature in early stages of spike differentiation.for S and PS cultivars are 14℃.The upper limits of suitable temperature in early stages of spike differentiation for PWS and WS cultivars are 12℃.If accumulated GDD below 14℃reaches up to 232～264 and 236～280 respectively,the differentiation of spikelet primordia of S and PS cultivars would initiate.Accumulated GDD of 252～262 and 261～268 below 12℃is essential for initiation of differentiation of spikelet primordia of PWS and WS cultivars.The investigation concludes that the differentiation of spikelet primordia requires relatively stable accumulated GDD in specific temperature range in the fields and the requirement for temperature varies in vernalization characteristics of cultivars.4 Regulating effect of accumulated temperature before winter on solar radiation use efficiency of wheatAccumulated temperature before winter influenced solar radiation use efficiency of different types of vernalization development of wheat cultivars significantly.Accumulated temperature before wintering of 572℃for PS cultivar Lankao Aizao8 and 688℃for WS cultivar Zhoumai18 resulted in increased LAI, interception of solar radiation in canopy,spikes per unit area and Canopy photosynthesis rate.Fv/Fm was not influenced significantly by accumulated temperature before wintering.Fv/Fo of accumulated temperature before wintering of 688℃and 572℃of Lankao Aizao8 and 688℃of Zhoumail8 as well as qP and ETR were more than 462℃.With decrease of accumulated temperature before wintering, solar radiation use efficiency from sowing to erecting of two cultivars reduced.From erecting to mid grainfilling,solar radiation use efficiency of accumulated temperature before wintering of 572℃of Lankao Aizao 8 and 688℃of Zhoumail 8 was higher than two other accumulated temperature treatments.The investigation concludes that low solar radiation use efficiency from sowing to erecting is one of reasons of lower solar radiation use efficiency in growing season.572℃of Lankao Aizao8 and 688℃of Zhoumai 18 resulted in the highest solar radiation use efficiency of canopy and grain.According to vernalization development characteristics of varied cultivars and the upper limits of suitable temperature at double ridges stage,accumulated GDD of suitable stages(double ridges stage)of spike differentiation at varied districts can be calculated from mean temperature data.Under the condition of strong seedlings before wintering suitable sowing dates at different districts can be determined更多还原