【作者】 肖星；

【导师】 邓伟志；

【作者基本信息】 上海大学 ， 社会学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 二十世纪八十年代以来，城市社区建设运动经历了产生、扩展和深化的发展阶段，并成为中国社会转型的一个重要组成部分，引起了社会科学理论界的普遍关注。长期以来，社区建设研究一直隐含着理论上的二元张力，即无法整合社区建设的两大基本诉求：发展基层社会的自治能力和形成国家对基层社会的管理和动员机制。而引入社会资本的视角，尤其是采用整体主义方法论对社区社会资本进行研究，不仅创造性地解决了社区建设理论上的这一困境，而且可以为社区建设实践提供便于操作的评价方法。社区社会资本是指：社区行动主体经由互动而建立在信任和互惠基础之上的社区关系网络，及其所蕴涵的历史文化、价值理念和行为规范等的一种资源性力量。对社区社会资本的测评包括四个方面：社区居民在邻里范围内的社会资本，社区内的正式团体和非正式群体，社区内的经济、政治和环境，政府社会资本。它们被整合于对社区居民所作的调查问卷之中，并被转换为一个指标群，由3项一级指标(社区信任，社区网络，社区规范)、9项二级指标(社区满意感，社区信任感，社区评估，社区参与，社区组织，社区关系，社区认同，社区价值，社区关怀)和51项三级指标所构成。以此指标群为基础，对某一社区内居民的社会资本进行测评打分，加总取平均数以后，就得出了该社区社会资本的分值，就能够进行社区之间的社会资本总量和结构比较。利用在上海市三个社区随机抽样获得的数据，这一社区社会资本测评指标体系得到了实证检验。结果显示，各项三级指标能够较好地指向相应的二级指标，但二级指标的内在结构却并不全然依循“信任—规范—网络”的理论脉络，而是可以被概括为“认知—行动—倾向”的现实逻辑。从社区比较的角度来看，虽然三个社区的测评得分相差不是很大，但它们在社区社会资本的结构方面具有不同的特征，并且在社区社会资本的总量方面存在显著差异。对数据的统计分析还表明，个人的社区社会资本得分多少，只与社区、性别、年龄(以60岁为界分)三个变量具有弱的相关性，而在职人群和非在职人群、拥有住房产权者和不拥有住房产权者、党员和非党员之间在社区社会资本得分上并不存在显著的差异性。这些发现并不支持社区理论研究中的一些习惯性假设，因此值得进一步深入研究。通过对三个社区直接选举的实践、团体活动的开展和社区事务的处理进行分析，可以发现：社区社会资本主要由行政力量、社区传统和精英参与三个模块构成，三个模块依据信任、规范、网络的相关原则发生相互作用，最终决定了社区社会资本的存量和构成情况，并直接影响到社区建设与社区发展的进程与方向。换言之，行政力量在社区网络中穿行的时候同时与社区传统(主要是信任和规范)相融合并不断创造出新的社会资源性力量，一种全新的社会资本最终被社区利益与主体各方所构建了出来。可见，运用社会资本的理论视角，能够同时从社会管理和社会自治两方面来洞察社区建设的真实过程。更多还原

【Abstract】 Urban community building, as an important part of China social transformation, has been developing from 1980’s. Though this research area has been focused by social sciences for many years, there is always a theoretical dilemma implicated within it. That is, the two opposed approach, cultivating social capacity of self-government and establishing national government on society, are unable to be perfectly integrated into one explanation. However, when social capital perspective is applied especially taking the holism methodology to research Community Social Capital (CSC), this theoretical dilemma can be solved creatively. In addition, it’s meaningful and operable for evaluating the effect of urban community building in the practice.CSC is a kind of resource consisted of community network, historical culture, value ideology and behavior norm, which is generated from the community agencies’ interaction based on social trust and reciprocity. There are four aspects for evaluating CSC: neighborhood relationship, residential organization, economic-social environment and governance efficiency. In the questionnaire employed to investigate community residents, they are transferred into an indexes that is consisted of 3 first-level indexes (community trust, community network and community norm), 9 second-level indexes (community satisfaction, community sense of trust, community evaluation, community participation, community organization, community relationship, community identification, community value and community caring) and 51 third-level indexes. The average of community residents’ total score is the reflection of CSC, and comparison between different communities can be implemented on the basis of it.Using a database collected from three communities in Shanghai City with the method of random sampling, the above indexes effect is empirically examined. The result is, the third-level indexes are commendably integrated into the second-level indexes, but the logical structure of second-level indexes is along "acknowledge-action-tendency" rather than "trust-norm-network". When comparing the three communities, what can be fund is that they have different feature of CSC and there is distinguished difference of CSC stocking within them, though their evaluating score is close. Statistical analysis also shows that one’s CSC score is only infirmly interrelated with variables of community, gender and age (divided by 60 years old), and there is not distinguished difference between working and non-working people, owning estate and non- owning estate persons, CCPC members and non-CCPC members. Because these findings don’t support some customary hypothesis in the research on community building, it’s necessary for in-depth discussion.After portraying practice for direct election, association activity and common affairs, how CSC plays an important role in community building is discovered. The stock and confirmation of CSC is shaped through triangle interaction among administrative power, community tradition and elicit participation based on the principle of trust, norm and network, which finally influence the process and direction of community building or community development. In other words, when administrative power goes through community network weaved by various community agencies, it is combined with community tradition (trust and norm principally) and transferred to be CSC. So community building can be observed and interpreted from the angle of social government as well as social autonomy, if the perspective of social capital is adopted.更多还原