【作者】 王晓峰；

【导师】 任志远；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 地图学与地理信息系统， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 生态安全是国家安全的基础，也是国家安全的有机组成部分。对其研究是国际前沿领域研究内容之一。但目前研究中其理论与方法仍在不断进行探索和实践中，榆林地区不仅是农牧交错区，也是沙漠与黄土高原的过渡区。该地区生态环境问题众多，不仅存在严重的土地荒漠化和水土流失等环境问题，也存在由矿产资源开发所带来的一系列新的环境问题，对榆林生态安全进行综合评价不仅具有重要的理论意义，同时也对区域协调发展也具有重要的现实意义。本研究在地域分异规律、生态系统服务、系统论、可持续发展和系统安全等理论的指导下，结合国家自然科学基金项目(40371003)，以榆林地区为例，基于遥感影像、DEM和部分的调查数据，在野外实地调查验证和问卷调查的基础上，利用地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感技术(RS)，开展了5个方面的研究内容：(1)基于GIS平台，建立了生态安全数据库并进行系列制图；(2)利用遥感影像开展了主要生态安全因子动态分析，主要包括土地利用变化、植被覆盖度、土地沙漠化、水土流失等；(3)基于“状态—压力—响应”模型建立了区域生态安全评价指标体系，并进行动态评价；(4)基于土地利用变化特征测评了其生态系统服务价值动态；(5)在问卷调查的基础上对生态安全感知作了研究。通过深入科学、综合研究得到以下重要成果和结论：(1)综合数据库构建在非监督分类的基础上采用监督分类的方法，实现了人机结合的遥感解译，该方法提高了遥感影像的解译精度，为实现生态环境安全动态分析提供了基础。对栅格数据以30×30m栅格为单元，对矢量数据以乡镇为最小单元，利用GIS技术、通过图层运算、插值、转绘以及直接添加属性值等方法，建立了榆林地区生态安全动态综合评价数据库。并在此基础上制作了榆林地区系列图件。(2)主要生态安全因子变化特征1988～2002年14年榆林地区各土地利用类型中除牧草地和建设用地持续增加外，其他类型均出现不同程度的减少，其中耕地面积减少最大，减少了352350hm~2，其次是未利用地，减少285765 hm~2。榆林地区高覆盖植被所占比例由1988年的8.99％上升到2002年的11.45％；中高覆盖度面积上升幅度最小，2002年比1988年增加0.6％；中覆盖度在1988年其面积是1131230.88hm~2，2002年达到1520082.63hm~2，所占百分比上升了9.04％；低覆盖度面积2002年比1988年降低7.17％；极低覆盖度面积在1988年所占比例是19.49％，到2002年降低到14.73％，降低了4.76％。总体在近14年极高覆盖度、高覆盖度和中覆盖度面积都有一定的增加，而其他各类型的植被覆盖面积呈下降态势，该区植被覆盖度仍然以中低覆盖度为主。在14年中沙漠化面积在逐步减少，在1999年之前，发展区的面积比逆转区的面积多63921.0hm~2，1999年之后，发展区的面积比逆转区的面积小808615.0hm~2。其中轻度和潜在沙漠化的面积在大幅度的降低，但中度以上的沙漠化面积仍然在缓慢扩展。研究时段内，榆林地区强度以上侵蚀面积在不断减少。其中剧烈侵蚀面积降低到0.02％；极强度侵蚀面积降低了0.3％；强度侵蚀面积减少了95907hm~2；中度侵蚀面积降低了2.51％。而中度以下侵蚀面积仍在增加，中轻度侵蚀的面积增加了37719.6hm~2；微度侵蚀的面积共增长4.19％，2002年其面积为2917410hm~2。(3)生态安全时空差异特征从“状态—压力—响应”三个方面建立了生态安全评价指标体系，并通过层次分析法确定了各因子权重，利用评价动态模型评价认为榆林地区整体生态环境较差，生态环境整体处在一般状态(中警)。变化特征为1988年榆林地区的生态安全指数为0.502，1999年0.497，2002年为0.513，生态安全在波动上升。从空间分布上表现为北部沙漠化区域生态安全程度最低，其次是南部水土流失严重的地区。(4)生态系统服务价值测评基于土地利用变化数据，在建立单位面积生态系统服务价值的基础上，对榆林地区土地生态系统服务价值进行测评，计算得到2002年生态系统服务价值为171099亿元，比1999年和1988年分别增长47.95亿元和21.34亿元，该数据间接的反映榆林地区生态环境整体在向良性方向发展。(5)生态安全感知研究提出了生态安全感知的概念。认为生态安全感知是指人们对生态安全在心理、生理以及行为等方面发生的一系列变化，主要包含对生态安全的认识，态度、行为等。从这三方面进行了生态安全感知分析并在区域评价中给予充分考虑。本论文在以下几个方面有一定的进展和创新：①采用监督分类和非监督分类相结合的方法，实现了人机结合的遥感解译，并对其分类精度进行评价，该方法提高了遥感影像的解译精度，为实现生态环境安全动态监测提供了基础。采用遥感技术，野外调查和问卷相结合等多方法的方法，从不同方面研究了区域生态安全。②对榆林地区土地利用、水土流失动态评价、沙漠化和生态安全等内容进行动态研究。成功实现了利用GIS技术进行区域大范围的生态环境动态分析。③应用“状态—压力—响应”模型，建立了榆林地区的生态安全评价指标体系，并结合生态经济价值测评进行实证分析。更多还原

【Abstract】 The ecological security is the foundation of the national security, and theresearch this subject is one of the international frontier research. In present, there is noa successful theory and method. We take the Yulin District of shaanxi Province as aexample, the Yulin District is not only the place with interlock of farming and animalhusbandary, but also with the transition region of the desert and the loess plateau.There are multitudinous ecological environment problems in this area, such as seriousdesertification, water and soil loess and a serial of new environment problems broughtby the exploitation of mineral resources. Therefore, it is an urgency and necessity toappraise the ecology security of Yulin District syntheetically.Yulin district is located in the most Northern part of Shaanxi province, between36°57′and 39°34′N and 107°28′and 111°15′E; The climate type is temperate semi-aridcontinental monsoon climate. It covers an area of 42 986km~2. There are about 3 337000 inhabitants living in this place. The mean elevation is 1000m above mean sealevel with a maximum of 1907m in the Mt. Baiyun. The landform is compromised oftwo parts: the sandy land lies in the northern part, accounting for 48.3% of the totalarea, while the hilly and gullied region lies in the middle-south which is 51.7% of itstotal. Yulin prefecture is one of the areas of the most serious soil erosion in the worldand the Chinese government and international societies have pay greet attentation tothis area.. Soil loss in most areas of Yulin prefecture reaches 9370Mg/km~2 per year,and in some areas is even higher than 30 000Mg/km km~2 per year. This area is themain source of coarse silt of the Yellow River. The most important reason for soilerosion in Yulin prefecture is inefficient land-use and low vegetation coverage. Afterthe establishment of the People’s Republic of China the desertification intensitydeclined because of rehabilitation measures. However, there is lack of knowledgeconcerning the dynamics of land use and the complex role of socio-economic policyfactors in inducing changes in land use.Taking Yulin District as an example, we use geography information system usinggeographic information system (GIS) and the remote sensing technology (RS), whichbased on the remote sensing image, DEM and partial investigations data, on-the-spot investigation and questionnaire survey, the research consist of five parts of it: (1)establishing ecology security database and based on it making a serial charts; (2)analyzing the ecology security factor dynarniclly, mainly including land use\coverchange, vegetation degree of coverage, desertification, water and soil erosion; (3)establishing system of ecology security dynamic appraisal; (4) evaluating the value ofecosystem service based on the change of land use/cover; (5) researching about theecology security sensation research.Though the systematic and scientific method, it comes to the followingsignification conclusions.(1)Using in 1988,1999,2002 three issue about MSS and TM image, we haverealized the man-machine union in RS images interpretation by the supervised andunsupervised, this method improved the of accurte of RS image, which haveprovided the foundation about supervising the ecological environment and itsdynamic monitor.(2)By analyzing the main ecology security factors, we find from 1988 to 2002,except for the rising of the pastures and construction land, we find out the rest typesother land use/cover have reduced in different. The reduction is the coverage ofvegetation is the extremely high vegetation of coverage, the high degree of coverageand the middle degree of coverage; the desertification area is gradually reducing,before 1999, the development area is bigger than reversal one. After 1999, then itturnsation to be opposite, mild and latent desertification area is reducing on largescale, but the above moderate desertification area is still expanding.(3)The overall ecological environment is worse in Yulin District, the index ofecological security is 0.502 in 1988,0.49 in 1999,0.513 in 2002 in temporal scale. inthe lowest degree in ecology security is the desert land in north, and the next is theserious erosion in south in spatial scale.(4)In 2002, the ecosystem service vale is 17109.9 billion yuan, more 4.795 billionyuan and 2.134 billion yuan than 1999 and 1988. the data has indirectly reflected thewhole ecological environment is developingin a better way.Using the method of supervised and unsupervised, the results shows this methodenhanced the accurate of images interpretation, which provided the foundationecological environment dynamic monitor.Using the remote sensing technology and many other methods such as the on-spot investigation and questionnaire survey, the article has studies the region ecologysecurity from the different aspects.Systemic and dynamic appraised of land use\cover change, soil and water erosion,desertification, vegetation and ecology security in Yulin District by GIS and RS.Base on the model of "state——pressure——response", we has established the indexof system of ecology security in Yulin District and appraised it dynamicallysimultaneously it uses the multi-methods to conduct the comparison research to thefindings.更多还原