【作者】 范继红；

【导师】 杨国亭；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 生态学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 作为我国东北地区三大硬阔之一的黄檗，是重要的药用植物和用材树种，具有很高的经济价值。关于黄檗根际的丛枝菌根真菌资源研究以及接种丛枝菌根真菌对黄檗生长影响的研究在国内外还是空白，尚未见报道。通过对自然状态下黄檗根际土壤的丛枝菌根真菌资源进行取样调查，土样中共发现4属23种丛枝菌根真菌的孢子。它们分别属于无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)、球囊霉属(Glomus)、盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)和原囊霉属(Archaeospora)等4个属。从出现频度看以无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属占优势。其中出现频度较高的种主要有细凹无梗囊霉(A．scrobiculata)、刺无梗囊霉(A．spinosa)、聚丛球囊霉(G．aggregatum)、悬钩子状球囊霉(G．rubiforme)、美丽盾巨孢囊霉(S．calospora)。在盆栽条件下，利用摩西球囊霉(G．mosseae)、幼套球囊霉(G．etunicatum)、地表球囊霉(G．versiforme)和透光球囊霉(G．diaphanum)等四种丛枝菌根真菌接种黄檗幼苗，结果显示：四种丛枝菌根真菌均能与黄檗形成丛枝菌根，并且能显著提高黄檗幼苗的生长量，苗木的株高、地径、鲜重、干重等都大于不接种的植株。其中以G．mosseae和G．diaphanum对苗木的侵染率比较高，形成菌根速度快，促生效果最明显。形成丛枝菌根后，叶片的N、P、K含量均有不同程度的提高，光合能力增强，并进一步促进整个植株的生长和代谢。黄檗幼苗形成丛枝菌根后，增加了叶片叶绿素含量，接种后叶绿素总量与对照相比分别提高了9.15～23.37％，从而增强光合产物的生产能力；增加了细胞可溶性糖含量，增加比例在1.83～4.24倍之间，增强了细胞的渗透调节能力。丛枝菌根能降低根系中的果胶酸含量，增加根系中可溶性糖的含量，并提高根系活力。丛枝菌根真菌侵染可增加植物体内膜系统保护酶的活性，更有效地清除植物体内的超氧自由基和活性氧，降低叶片脯氨酸及丙二醛的含量，提高植物的抗旱能力。由此可看出接种丛枝菌根真菌能降低水分胁迫对植物的影响，减轻干旱胁迫对细胞膜的伤害，增强了植物的抗旱性。丛枝菌根可增强植物体内硝酸还原酶、多酚氧化酶及抗坏血酸氧化酶的活性；增加了可溶性蛋白含量，增加比例在1.67～2.49倍之间；增加了植物体内IAA的含量，增加比例在1.65～2.41倍之间；增强了植物氮素代谢和能量代谢能力，促进植物生长，从而增强植物的次生代谢能力。作为药用植物，接种丛枝菌根真菌后显著增加了黄檗重要的药用成分小檗碱、药根碱及掌叶防己碱的含量，在能否利用菌根真菌接种来有效提高黄檗药用价值方面做了尝试性工作。在不同基质上给黄檗接种丛枝菌根真菌，由于基质的质地和养分含量不同，丛枝菌根真菌的侵染率有很大差异，苗木的生长量差别很大。利用混合菌种接种发现，不同菌根真菌混合接种时，真菌对黄檗的侵染率及苗木的成活率的影响差异显著，含有G．mosseae和G．diaphanum的组合对黄檗生长的促进作用最为明显。综上所述，丛枝菌根能直接或间接的调节植物的生长代谢，增强宿主抵抗外界不良环境的能力，有利于宿主植物的生长，与宿主达到了互利共生的关系。本研究通过对黄檗根际的丛枝菌根真菌资源调查，基本了解了黄檗根际的丛枝菌根真菌资源状况，为今后黄檗菌根化育苗时有目的的选择菌种提供了依据。利用人工接种丛枝菌根真菌，从黄檗生长及生理代谢变化的角度系统研究丛枝菌根真菌对黄檗实生苗的影响，为黄檗的菌根化育苗和资源保护提供技术依据，同时作为丛枝菌根的基础性研究也具有重要的理论意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Amur Cork-tree (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.), one of three hard-broad-leaf tree species in the east-northem China, is an important medical and timbered plant. The information on the resource investigation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the root-soil interface and the effect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth ofPh. amurense remains rarely.The resource status of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the root-soil interface of Ph. amurense was investigated. The result showed that four genera (including 23 species), Acaulospora, Glomus, Scutellospora and Archaeospora were found, and the former two genus took the predominance. Four species, A. scrobiculata, A. spinosa, G. aggregatum, G. rubiforme and S. calospora, occured frequently.Four species of VA mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus mosseae, G. etunicatum, G. versiforme and G. diaphanum, were be inoculated Ph. amurense, and the result showed that they could form the arbuscular mycorrhiza which obviously promoted the growth of seedlings of Ph. amurense. The height, basal diameter, fresh weight of seedling infected by mycorrhizal fungi were significantly bigger than that un-infected, indicating that VA mycorrhizae was improved significantly the growth of seedlings of Ph. amurense. Comparing to the other mycorrhizae, G. mosseae and G. diaphanum lead to higher infection rate, rapider formation of mycorrhiza and the most obviously rapid growth. After VA mycorrhiza formed, the nutritional contents of.the leaves were increased in different degree, which obviously improved the photosynthesis characteristics, and further promoted the growth and metabolize of the whole plant.The chlorophyll content of seedlings increased significantly through infection by VA mycorrhizal fungi, the chlorophyll total content of infected seedlings increases 9.15% to 23.37%, contrasting with one that not infected, which consequently promoted the produce capacity of photosynthesis production. The content of soluble sugars of leaves also increased, increase the proportion from 1.88 times to 4.24 times,which could improve the osmotic adjustment of the cell. VA mycorrhiza could lead to the increase of the pectin content in the roots which improved the root activity, and the increase of the activity of protective enzyme of inner membrane system which could effectively scavenge superoxide free radical and reactive oxygen and reduce the content of proline and malondialdehyde, and consequently enhance the capability to resist drought stress. The results indicated that mycorrhizal fungi could decrease the influence of water stress on the plant, and alleviate the damage of draught to the cell membrane.VA mycorrhiza could also enhance the activity of nitric acid reductase, polyhphenol oxidase and ascorbic oxldase of the plants, increase the proportion from 1.67 times to 2.49 times ,increase the content of soluble protein and IAA, increase the proportion from 1.65 times to 2.41 times,the capacity of metabolize of nitrogen and energy, and further increase the capacity of secondary metabolize of the plants.As a medical plant, the contents of berberine, jatrorrhizine and palmatine of Ph. amurense were enhanced through infection by VA mycorrhizal fungi, which have significant indication for the research on increasing the medicinal value.The seedlings infected by VA mycorrhizal fungi showed the varied infection rate and growth mass in the different culture medium with the different quality and nutrient content. Ph. amurense showed the significantly difference of infection rate and survival rate of seedlings, through inoculation by the different mixed mycorrhizal fungi, with the most obviously promotion by coinoculation with a mixed inoculum of G. mosseae and G. diaphanum.In summary, VA mycorrhiza could directly or indirectly regulate the growth and metabolize of plants, enhance the capacity of the host plants to resist the hostile external environment, benefit the growth of the host plants, and achieve the mutualistic symbiosis to the host plants. The present study supplied us the knowledge on the resource status of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the root-soil interface of Ph. amurense, and also provided the evidence for selection of fungi to the mycorrhizal breeding. The experiment of incubation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi showed that the mycorrhizal fungi affect the growth, physiology and metabolize of seedlings, providing the evidence for mycorrhizal breeding and resource conservation, and important theoretic significance for the basic research of arbuscular mycorrhiza.更多还原