【作者】 刘肖梅；

【导师】 胡继连；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 我国旅游业的发展有着良好的资源禀赋,随着中国经济实力的不断增强,2020年中国将成为世界最大的旅游目的地。然而,伴随着旅游业的迅猛发展,在开发旅游资源的过程中出现了一系列的问题,旅游资源遭到破坏,旅游地生态环境日益退化。如何科学合理地开发和管理旅游资源,实现旅游资源的可持续利用,成为21世纪国内外研究的重点。近些年来,对旅游资源开发利用问题的各类研究成果层出不穷。对旅游资源可持续利用问题的研究,则多拘泥于自然地理学领域。学者大多是从旅游地生态环境构成、控制旅游地旅游容量、提高旅游者与社区居民环保素质、进行旅游地和旅游产品规划、创新旅游活动方式等方面,对旅游资源的可持续利用问题进行了研究。正是在这样一个背景下,作者搜集和占有了大量的资料,以可持续发展理论为指导,以经济学的相关理论知识为依托,基于现实中所存在的问题,分析影响旅游资源可持续利用的诸多因素,通过对旅游资源的产权归属,市场状况,资源价格、管理体制等方面的系统性分析,探索解决旅游资源不可持续利用问题的经济手段。对于旅游产业而言,有重要的实践意义。对于旅游经济学这门学科而言,则具有一定的理论创新价值。全文分为八章:第一章是本文的导论。旅游业的发展过程中出现了一系列的问题,影响到旅游资源的可持续利用。本章在研究综述的基础上,提出了本论文的研究对象、技术方法、研究框架以及研究内容。第二章是研究旅游业发展与旅游资源的利用现状。本文首先通过调查分析目前旅游资源的利用现状,说明在旅游业快速发展的同时,旅游区出现了一系列的环境问题,导致了旅游资源的破坏和耗竭。然后,运用相关经济理论,分析造成旅游资源不可持续利用的深层次原因,为针对性地提出实现旅游资源可持续利用的管理制度和措施提供依据。第三章是对旅游资源产权制度的研究分析。运用产权经济学理论,分析旅游资源的产权概念和产权特性。在调查分析产权制度现状的基础上,提出现行旅游资源产权制度存在问题。并指出,长期以来产生的旅游生态环境问题,应归结于旅游资源的产权不明晰。由此提出了所有权与使用权两权分离的战略措施,弥补了以往旅游资源产权经营的单一性,充分实现了旅游资源的最优配置和持续利用。第四章是对旅游资源价格问题的研究。长期以来,人们认为旅游资源无价值,从而导致旅游资源的盲目开发。本章节在资源价值理论的支持下,运用市场价格理论,通过调查分析目前旅游资源的价值评估现状、旅游景区门票价格运营现状等,提出了在旅游资源价值评估的基础上,建立旅游风景区门票价格机制,实现旅游资源的有偿使用。并提出为保障旅游资源的可持续利用,应适当提高旅游景区门票价格的战略措施。第五章是对旅游资源政府管理问题的探讨。由于旅游资源国家所有的基本特性,政府在旅游资源的利用过程中担当了重要角色。然而传统的旅游景区机构事业化管理、企业化经营的模式,导致资源配置的低效率,资源浪费现象严重。本章在分析旅游资源利用过程中政府管理现状的基础上,提出了政府在旅游资源利用中的重新定位,创新了政府一系列的管理制度。并通过对泰山风景区政府管理体制的实证分析和讨论,针对性地提出泰山风景区政府管理体制的创新举措。第六章是为实现代际公平,将贴现率政策引入旅游资源的可持续利用管理体系。贴现率是动态评价投资项目经济效益的一个重要参数,它与资源可持续利用紧密相连。本章首先介绍代际公平以及贴现率等的概念内涵,阐述了贴现率与资源可持续利用的关系,提出了充分运用政府制定的贴现政策,有助于实现旅游资源的可持续利用。第七章是对旅游资源利用的市场结构的研究。鉴于旅游资源所具有的不可替代性、经营专用型、稀缺有限性以及资源的独特性和不可分割性等等,决定了为实现资源的可持续利用,国家所有的旅游资源必然应该选择垄断经营,并指出目前旅游景区存在两种垄断方式:价格垄断和游客量垄断。最后,本章在实证分析依托资源垄断经营的黄山景区旅游公司的基础上,进一步提出了适度垄断的战略决策。第八章,全文总结。通过对上述研究内容的归纳分析,在实证研究的基础上,明确提出了实现旅游资源可持续利用的经济政策和经济制度,以及政府的管理体制和制度,从经济学的角度对旅游资源的可持续利用问题阐述了本文的研究结论。总结起来,本文综合地阐述了影响旅游资源可持续利用的诸多影响因素,明确地指出了旅游资源可持续利用的实现在于旅游资源“四权分离”制度的新观点,并说明旅游资源的“四权分离”是指所有权、经营权、管理权和监督权的分离,由此相对地引入了一些有利于旅游资源可持续利用的经济制度和政策。如,提出重视旅游资源开发利用中的贴现率的确定,形成旅游资源利用的附加贴现率,通过适度垄断经营来促进旅游资源的可持续利用。本文以泰山旅游资源的可持续利用作为典型个案研究,探讨了泰山旅游风景区的门票价格机制和政府管理体制等问题,提出了有实践指导价值的建议对策。由于旅游资源利用问题的研究是一个综合的学科领域,涉及内容相当的广泛,每一方面都是一个亟需努力的课题,由于资料短缺和学识有限,笔者对许多问题的思考只是初步的、探索性的,很多问题有待进一步研究深化。比如,是否所有类型的旅游资源都适合此研究结果,对于旅游资源内部的各种构成资源产权的界定以及旅游资源价值评估该如何进行等问题,往往只是提及,没有作进一步的阐释。这些问题有的是理论界争论的焦点,有的属于国内甚至国际学术前沿。因此,笔者只能在以后的科研和教学中作进一步的研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 The tourism in China presents promising future and she will be the largest tourist destination with the increasing economic strength by 2020. However, there exist some problems in the development of traveling resources resulted from the sudden improvement of tourism, such as destruction of traveling resources and the deteriorated ecological environment at tourist spots. Thus, how best to manage and develop the traveling resources and to sustain the development of the resources is a question that is focused on by researchers home and abroad.The recent study on the sustainable use and development of tourist resource are mainly concerned with the study of natural geography, which attracted the researchers to focus on the components of tourist ecological environment, control of tourist capacity, improvement of environmental consciousness of tourists and inhabitants, the design the tourist scenery and trophies, and the tourist activity.Based the former study ,this dissertation analyzes the influential factors on sustainable development of tourist resources, probes into the property right, the market condition, price of resources and management system to study the economic means to solve the unsustainability in developing the tourism after collecting sufficient literatures.The dissertation covers 8 chapters:Chapter1 is the introduction, of which the content mainly is about the study object, technology, frame and brief content, which relies on the literature review of former study about influential factors on tourist sustainability.Chapter 2 studies the present condition of tourist sustainability in which the initial part surveys the utility condition of resource to expose the environmental problems, exhaustion and destruction of resources occurring with the fast development of tourism. Thus, the economic theory is adopted to analyses the inner reasons, so that the management system and measures are put forward for tourist sustainability.Chapter 3 introduces the property right of tourist resources, by using the economic theory of property right, the concept and characteristics of tourist resource property right are defined to emphasize the problems caused by present property right. Then, this chapter puts forward the countermeasure of division between ownership and right of use to diversify the property right of tourist resources and to realize the optimal allocation.Chapter 4 discusses the pricing problem of tourist resources. The traditional idea of being free of charge for tourist spots led to the blind development, thus, this chapter makes use of the theory of market price, and proposes that the different tourist values or cost evaluation should consider the various types of resources by surveying the present evaluation and pricing of tickets in different spots, and that the assessment of resource value should take the externality, opportunity cost of resource-users into consideration and the ticket pricing should be consistent with the paid-service which can ensure the tourist sustainability .Chapter 5 relates the management by government of tourist resources which is characterized by the state-owned industry and which is developed mainly by the government. The traditional administrative management and industrial operation repressed the market development, which leads to the low-efficiency of allocation and the waste of resources. Therefore, this chapter redefines the function of government in developing the tourism and innovates the management, which takes the Taishan scenery area as substantial proof to recreate the management system of Taishan scenery area.Chapter 6 introduces the discount rate into the management system of tourist sustainabilityt. The concepts of discount and discount rate are presented at first and then the relation between discount rate and sustainability in order to put forward that the discounting policy made by the government should be made full use of because the additional discount rate for tourist development is more is helpful for sustainability.Chapter 7 deals with the market structures of tourist resource. In terms of the irreplaciblity of the tourist resources, speciality for management, scarcity limitation, peculiarity of resources, and inseparatibility, the tourist resources should be monopolized by government in management. This chapter points out that there are two types of monopoly:pricing monopoly and that of number of tourists and it takes the tourist company of Huangshan scenery area as substantial proof to show the proper monopoly may ensure the sustainability of tourist resources. Chapter 8 is the conclusion, in which the economic policy and system and the administrative mechanism are put forward for sustainable development of tourist resources to draw the conclusion at economie level.In conclusion, the dessertation deals with comprehensively the influential factors of sustainable development of tourist resonrces, defines the new idea that the key for sustainability is division of four rights, including the ownership, management, operation and supervision, and introduces some economic policy and system, including the emphasis on discount rate in development to tourism, and monopolizing the management for sustainability, etc..The dissertation takes the Mourtain Tai as typical example to study the pricing system of tickets and the government menegement system and propose some countermeasure for development to tourism.Resaerch of tourist resources, as a comprehensive domain, involves many aspects, which should be solved urgently.Being short of the materials and the knowledge, the dissertation only is a preliminary exploration of many questions which need further studies. For instance, whether all traveling resources show the similarity in management or innovation, how to define the property right inside the travel resources, how to evaluate the value of traveling resources .These questions are not involved detailedly for some belong to the domestic even international academic front. Therefore, the author will only be able research further in the later scientific research and the teaching.更多还原