【作者】 苗保河；

【导师】 余松烈； 李向东；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 作物学， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 为探明波浪冠层栽培模式增产增效的机理,及其对高油大豆产量和品质的影响,为其推广应用提供科学的理论依据。2005-2006年,以高油夏大豆品种鲁豆9号为试验材料,由4个密度群体组成波浪冠层群体,各密度小区5行,按照密度从大到小顺序,由北向南东西行向依次重复排列,即从北向南依次为,Ⅰ:30.0万株/hm2,Ⅱ:24.0万株/hm2,Ⅲ:18.0万株/ hm2,Ⅳ:12.0万株/hm2,采用大田试验和室内生理生化测定相结合的方法,研究波浪冠层栽培模式高产优质的生物学基础、生理学基础和生态学基础等,研究该栽培模式对鲁豆9号群体结构、微生态环境、高光效特性、产量、产量构成因素,籽粒蛋白质、脂肪及脂肪酸组分,叶片活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响,以及它们之间相互作用的关系等。主要研究结果如下:1波浪冠层栽培模式对大豆群体结构的影响有效的栽培措施可以优化作物的群体结构。波浪冠层群体由4个密度群体组成,分别是Ⅰ:30.0万株/hm2、Ⅱ:24.0万株/hm2、Ⅲ:18.0万株/ hm2、Ⅳ:12.0万株/hm2,其群体平均密度为21.0万株/hm2,与对照CK(18.0万株/ hm2)相比,该栽培模式有使作物群体数量增加的耐密特性,即增加3.0万株/hm2;自分枝至成熟期,株高平均降低1.27cm;分枝平均增加1.12个;主茎节数平均减少0.28个。2波浪冠层栽培模式对大豆微生态环境的影响波浪冠层群体可改善和调控作物的微生态环境,调节作物生长发育的田间小气候。与CK相比,自分枝至成熟期,波浪冠层群体冠层的光照强度、CO2浓度和湿度分别平均提高5.06%、2.45%和4.47%;低温生育期时(成熟期)温度增加1.86℃,高温生育期时(从分枝到鼓粒期)温度平均降低0.17℃。光照、温度、湿度和CO2浓度等微环境生态因子的变化,更利于大豆的生长发育和产量品质的形成。3.波浪冠层栽培模式对大豆生理特性的影响3.1对大豆根系吸收生理特性的影响衡量根系活力主要有有效根瘤数量和根冠比等指标。与CK相比,自分枝至成熟期,波浪冠层群体的单株有效根瘤数和根冠比与CK相比,分别平均增加21.74%和0.51%,且单株有效根瘤数从开花至鼓粒期分别比CK增加7.45%、47.03%和0.31%,差异均达极显著水平,而根冠比其差异则不明显。3.2对大豆高光效特性的影响波浪冠层栽培模式实质就是以密度为调节杠杆,人为地创造边际优势,群体结构更趋于高光效,提高作物光合作用能力。自分枝至鼓粒期,波浪冠层群体与CK相比,其比叶重、单株叶面积、LAI、叶绿素含量、Chla/Chlb比值、植株中部透光率和光合速率等分别平均增加1.85%、8.88%、17.82%、1.99%、26.68%、1.57%和4.04%;自分枝至成熟期,波浪冠层群体平均WUE低于CK,平均降低1.32%,但在开花、结荚和鼓粒等关键时期,其WUE分别比CK增加4.78%、0.08%和2.42%,差异均达显著水平;而其生物产量均高于CK,平均增产186.14kg/666.7m2,增产22.58%,其中,鼓粒期增产最高为28.09%,差异均达极显著水平,各生育时期产量增加的幅度依次为:鼓粒期>结荚期>开花期>成熟期>分枝期。4波浪冠层栽培模式对大豆产量及构成因素的影响波浪冠层群体与CK相比,平均增产253.65kg/hm2,增产11.76%,且差异达极显著水平。与CK相比,在产量构成因素中,波浪冠层群体群体密度平均增加3.0万株/hm2,百粒重有差异但不显著,单株粒数和单株粒重仅分别减少2.1粒和0.51g,分别减少3.3%和4.25%,差异均不显著,大豆增产主要来源于群体数量的增加。5波浪冠层栽培模式对高油大豆籽粒品质及组分的影响在籽粒脂肪总量提高1.52%基础上,亚油酸含量提高1.60%,亚麻酸和硬脂酸含量分别降低0.14%和7.20%。波浪冠层群体提高了高油大豆脂肪含量、优化了脂肪酸组分、提高了营养价值。波浪冠层群体密度与脂肪和棕榈酸含量呈极显著和显著负相关(r=-0.99**和-0.90*);脂肪与亚油酸呈正相关(r=0.79),而与硬脂酸呈负相关(r=-0.55);油酸与亚油酸和亚麻酸均呈负相关(r=-0.74和-0.50),亚油酸和亚麻酸呈显著负相关(r=-0.95*)。6波浪冠层栽培模式对大豆叶片碳、氮代谢的影响6.1波浪冠层栽培模式对大豆叶片碳代谢的影响波浪冠层群体与CK相比,从分枝至成熟期,其可溶性糖含量、磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性和蔗糖合成酶活性分别平均提高7.18%、6.67%和21.82%;在C代谢作用的过程中,磷酸蔗糖合成酶与蔗糖合成酶相比,其作用更大,明显占主导地位。6.2波浪冠层栽培模式对大豆叶片氮代谢的影响波浪冠层群体与CK相比,从分枝至成熟期,可溶性蛋白质含量、硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性分别平均增加0.034%、7.91%和10.05%;在N代谢作用的过程中,硝酸还原酶与谷氨酰胺合成酶相比,在鼓粒期前,谷氨酰胺合成酶其作用较大,占主导地位,但在鼓粒期后,硝酸还原酶作用较大,占主导地位。6.3波浪冠层栽培模式对大豆碳、氮代谢水平差异的影响大豆叶片中可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量,是N、C代谢的产物,分别代表着N、C代谢的水平。本试验结果表明,与CK相比,可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量均有不同程度提高,其中,平均可溶性糖含量增加的幅度(7.18%)高于平均可溶性蛋白质含量(0.034%),且随着大豆生长发育进程的推进,前者呈升高趋势,后者呈降低趋势,二者变化趋向基本相反。因而,该栽培模式改善和提升了N、C代谢水平,特别是提高了C代谢水平,N、C代谢水平相比,C代谢水平高于N代谢水平。7波浪冠层栽培模式对大豆叶片活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响波浪冠层群体与CK相比,SOD、POD和CAT活性有不同程度的提高,MDA含量降低,保护性酶POD活性平均增高20.13%,其中结荚期最高达46.53%,差异达极显著水平,是关键保护性酶,其保护作用强于SOD和CAT;SOD活性平均增高2.28%;CAT活性平均增高0.48%;膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量降低;波浪冠层群体与CK保护性酶变化规律一致,即SOD活性高峰出现时期最早,CAT次之,POD最晚,即在大豆不同的生育时期,不同保护酶分别发挥着不同程度的保护作用。8波浪冠层栽培模式对密度群体Ⅲ的影响与CK相比,密度同为18.0万株/hm2的波浪冠层密度群体Ⅲ,其群体平均增产359.10kg/hm2,增产16.65%,差异达极显著水平;在脂肪总量提高1.92%的基础上,其棕榈酸和亚油酸含量分别提高1.93%和2.17%,而硬脂酸含量降低25.00%,差异均达显著水平;其生物学、生理学、生态学、碳、氮代谢和抗衰老等特性指标均优于CK。更多还原

【Abstract】 For a better understanding of yield-increasing and economy-increasing mechanism of high oil soybean with waving-canopy cultural type, in order to study the effect on high oil soybean yield and quality of waving-canopy colony, and offer scientific theoretical references for spreadingand applying. The waving-canopy colony was made up of 4 density colony which were 300000 plants per hectare,240000 plants per hectare,180000 plants per hectare and 120000 plants per hectare, respectively.And these density colony were arranged orderly and repeately from north to south, every density colony area had 5 transmeridional rows.High oil summer soybean variety Ludou 9 was used as experimental materials,the bases of biology, physiology and ecology of high yield and quality of waving-canopy cultural type, the effects on colony structure,micro-ecological environment, photosynthetic traits, yield and its components of Ludou9, the contents of protein, oil and fatty acid of high oil soybean seeds, the active oxygen and membrane lipid metabolism peroxidation of Ludou9 leaves, were all studied in field experiments and indoor analyses during 2005-2006; and the correlation analyses between the yield and its components, between the fatty acid and its components of the waving-canopy density colony, were all studied, too. The main results were as follows.1. Effect on colony structure of waving-canopy cultural type in soybeanColony structure of crop could be meliorated by effective cultural type. Waving-canopy colony was made up of 4 density colony which were 300000 plants per hectare,240000 plants per hectare,180000 plants per hectare and 120000 plants per hectare, respectively.And its average density was 210000 plants per hectare,while CK was 180000 plants per hectare,it had a trait which could increase the density of colony, compared with CK, the density increased 30000 plants per hectare. The plant height and stem node decreased averagely 1.27cm and 0.28,while branch increased averagely 1.12, from branching to ripening stage, respectively. 2. Effect on micro-ecological environment of waving-canopy cultural type in soybean The micro-ecological environment and micro-climate of soybean field could be meliorated by waving-canopy. From branching to filling stage, compared with CK, the PAR, CO2 and humidity of waving-canopy colony increased averagely by 5.06%, 2.45% and 4.47% respectively. The temperature of waving-canopy colony increased 1.86℃, at low temperature growth stage, but decreased 0.17℃, at high temperature growth stage.The changes of PAR, CO2, temperature and humidity of the micro-ecological environment were favourable to the yield formation and the quality improvement of high oil soybean.3 Effect on physiological traits of waving-canopy cultural type in soybean3.1 Effect on root absorbable phgsiological traits of waving-canopy cultural type in soybeanThe effective nodules per plant and the ratio of root to shoot were main factors of soybean root activity. The effective nodules per plant and the ratio of root to shoot of waving-canopy colony from branching to ripening increased averagely by 21.74% and 0.51%, compared with CK, and the former increased by 7.45%, 47.03% and 0.31% at stages of flowering, podding and filling, respectively.And all these differences were all significant at 0.01 level, but the later was not.3.2 Effect on main photosynthetic traits of waving-canopy cultural type in soybeanThe essence of waving-canopy cultural type is to increase photosynthesis rate by regulating density. From branching to filling stage, compared with CK, the specific leaf weight, the leaf area per plant, the LAI, the content of chlorophyll, the Chla/Chlb, the rate of sunlight permeation and the photosynthesis rate of waving-canopy colony increased averagely by 1.85%, 8.88%, 17.82%, 1.99%, 26.68%, 1.57% and 4.04%, respectively. The WUE of waving-canopy colony decreased averagely by 1.32%, while increased by 4.78%, 0.08% and 2.42% at the stages of flowering, podding and filling, which the crop grew fastly and needed water mostly at these stages, these differences were all significant at 0.05 level. The average biological yields of waving-canopy colony were higher than CK, increased averagely 186.14kg/666.7m2, and by 22.58%, all differences of them were significant at 0.01 level, especially at flilling stage, increased mostly by 28.09%, and the biological yield of flilling stage>podding stage>flowering stage>ripening stage>branching stage.4 Effect on yield and its components of waving-canopy cultural type in soybean The results showed that waving-canopy colony, compared with CK, on the condition of increasing 30000 plants per hectare, seeds per plant and seeds yield per plant just decreased 2.1 seeds and 0.51g, decreased by 3.30%,4.25% and 0.80%,respectively, all the differences were not significant, while the yield increased 253.65kg/hm2,increased by 11.76%, and the difference was significant at 0.01 level5. Effect on high oil soybean seeds quality and its components of waving-canopy cultural typeThe waving-canopy colony increased the oil content of seeds by 1.52%, the content of linoleic acid by 1.6%, decreased the content of linolenic acid and stearic acid by 0.14% and 7.20%, respectively. The waving-canopy colony could meliorate the structure of the oil fatty acid, increased nutritive value of the seeds.The density of waving-canopy colony was correlated negatively with the oil and the plamitic acid(r=-1.00**and -0.90**). On the contrary, the oil was correlated positively with the linoleic acid (r=0.79), and was correlated negatively with stearic acid(r=-0.55), while the oleic acid were all correlated negatively with the linoleic acid and the linolenic acid(r=-0.74 and-0.50), and the linoleic acid was significantly and negatively correlated with the linolenic acid(r=-0.95*).6 Effect on C、N metabolism in soybean leaf of waving-canopy cultural type6.1 Effect on C metabolism in soybean leaf of waving-canopy cultural typeFrom branching to ripening stage, compared with CK, the average content of soluble sugar, the average activity of SPS and SS of waving-canopy colony increased by 7.18%, 6.67% and 21.82%, respectively. In the course of metabolism of C, compared with SS, the SPS was mainly synzyme in C metabolism of soybean.6.2. Effect on N metabolism in soybean leaf of waving-canopy cultural typeFrom branching to ripening stage, compared with CK, the average content of soluble protein, the average activity of NR and GS of waving-canopy colony increased 0.034%, 7.91% and 10.05%, respectively. In the course of metabolism of N, compared with NR, the GS was mainly metabolic enzyme in N metabolism of soybean before filling stage, and NR was mainly metabolic enzyme in N metabolism of soybean after filling stage. 6.3 Effect on the difference of C and N metabolisms in soybean leaf of waving-canopy cultural typeThe content of soluble sugar and soluble protein of soybean leaf were the productions of C and N metabolisms, which standed for the metabolic ability of them.The results showed that waving-canopy colony, compared with CK, the content of soluble sugar (7.18%)increased much more than the content of soluble protein(0.034%),and with the soybean growing,the former rised,while the later lowered.The metabolism ability of C and N were raised by waving-canopy cultural type, but the ability of C was higher than that of N.7. Effect on active oxygen and membrane lipid metabolism peroxidation in soybean leaf of waving-canopy cultural typeThe results showed that the waving-canopy colony, compared with CK, the average activities of peroxidase (POD) increased by 20.13%, mostly increased by 46.53% at podding stage, and the difference was significant at 0.01 level. POD was the key protective enzyme in soybean leaf active oxygen metabolism. The average activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased by 2.28% and 0.48%, respectively. While malondialdehyde (MDA) content declined, the ability to eliminate active oxygen increased,and the leaf senescence got slowly. The changes of POD, SOD and CAT activity had the same trends, the peak of SOD activity appeared earlier than that of CAT and POD, the POD appeared latestly, that is to say these 3 enzymes had different effects at different growth stages.8. Effect on density colonyⅢof waving-canopy colony of waving-canopy cultural type in soybeanCompared with CK, the density colonyⅢof waving-canopy colony had the same density which was180000 plants per hectare, the yield increased 359.10kg/hm2, and by 16.65%, and the difference was significant at 0.01 level. All the contents of oil increased by 1.92%, the content of palmitic acid and linoleic acid increased by 1.93% and 2.17%, and the content of stearic acid decreased by 25.00%, respectively. And all the differences were significant at 0.05 level. The traits of biology, physiology, ecology, C, N metabolisms and resistant senescence of the density colonyⅢof waving-canopy colony were all better than CK.更多还原