【作者】 刘国艳；

【导师】 赵承福；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 教育学原理， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 教育改革必须在学校教育的层级加以落实,特别是落实到教师的教学和学生的学习中,才能完成其具体的改革理想。未来我国教育改革的焦点,将集中在学校层级的变革,尤其是中小学校的变革,因此,本文系以义务教育阶段的公立中小学校的变革作为研究内容。而制度作为学校的生存与发展的基础,作为学校教育行为的引导与规约力量,必然对学校教育状况及学校变革产生重大的影响。从制度视角分析学校变革,就是从宏观层面上探讨社会规范对学校变革发展的影响,以及在中观层面上通过对学校内部行为规范的剖析,去透视现实中的学校变革情况,从而更深刻地理解学校变革,并致力于以制度创新促进学校的深层次变革。就此,本文采用理论研究与调查研究进行探索。变革不是一种时髦的话语,而是需要极大勇气、冒很大风险而其结果并不能预期的行动,因此,学校在进行变革前必须清楚自己面临的情势:当前的变革背景是什么(为什么变)、学校中哪些地方必须改变(变什么)、需要采取什么样的变革方式(怎么变)。无论是对变革原因的分析,抑或是对变革内容的确定、对变革途径的探询,我们都可以在其中发现制度的踪迹。由社会制度变迁引起的社会转型,是引发学校变革的本土性因素;当前教育体制中的弊端对学校中人的压制是学校变革的重要动因;而学校的自主性变革,需要制度的保障,需要一定的教育制度明确政府与学校各自的权限与责任,需要一定的学校内部制度来营造学校的变革气氛,引领学校的变革行为。对制度的理解,不能仅从技术层面进行,认为它只是一些约束行为的规则条例。制度有正式制度与非正式制度之分,正式制度以明确的书面形式被确定,非正式制度则以风俗、惯例、意识形态等因素对人们施加影响。从制度的生成过程来看,制度的动态发展基本上遵循着从个人的习惯到群体的习俗、从习俗到惯例、从非正式规则到正式规则这样一条路线。正式制度必须嵌入于非正式制度之中,也即正式制度必须有足够的社会认同度,才能正常发挥作用。因此,对制度的研究不能仅从显性的、正式的制度入手,还需要对隐性的、非正式的制度加以考察。所以,本文的制度环境,不仅包括社会的基本制度规范,如政治经济制度、文化教育制度,而且包括社会的教育价值取向;学校的内部制度,也由正式的规章制度与无形的非正式制度组成。无论正式制度抑或非正式制度,所表达的都是对行为的引导与规约,制度的这种特性使它成为组织或社会改变的先导,因为制度的改变也就意味着行动的改变,进而引起组织或社会的变化。因此,以学校制度创新为切入点,以良好制度环境的熏染,以内部制度安排的直接影响,来促进学校中人员行为的改变,进而带动学校的整体变革,无论对于社会还是学校,都是一条切实可行的变革路径。在近二十多年的改革中,我国的学校制度环境与制度安排有了较大改观,社会的法制化、文明程度逐步提高,人们的民主、法制、自我意识在不断增强;学校注重制度建设,逐渐较多地使用制度的力量而不是人为的行政手段来治理学校。这二十几年的学校制度变迁产生了极大地推动作用,外部公共权力架构的改变促进了学校变革方式的改变,学校内部的制度建设促进了整个学校氛围的提升。但当前的学校制度仍然存在很多问题,这些问题成为制约学校深层次变革的瓶颈。如何进一步地改造、创新现有的学校制度,把学校制度从学校变革的制约力量转变为促进力量,是一项紧迫的任务。然而,制度创新并非设置几条新制度,它涉及的是利益格局的改变,是已成为信念的观念、已成为习惯的思维与行动方式的改变,因此,制度创新并非易事。抨击教育体制弊端以及批评制度化教育的文章都很常见。但是,无论是对于学校还是社会,无制度或者去制度所导致的情况更难以想象。我们必须承认教育与学校的变革仍然需要制度的保障,而我们当前所需要做的是,扫除学校变革之路上的一些制度障碍,创造适宜于学校变革的制度环境,并以学校内部制度创新促进学校文化的变革。更多还原

【Abstract】 Educational reform must be executed through school change to complete its reform aim, especially through teachers’teaching and students’studying. The future focus of our country’s educational reform will be centered on the change of middle school and primary school. So, the target of this research is to discuss the public school change in obligation education period. Moreover, as the living and progress base of school and as the leading and regulating force, school institutions must have great influence on the affairs of school instruction and school change. The research about school change, with school institutions as the research instrument, is to probe the influence of social regulations on school change and progress, and to analyze the function of school inner behavior regulations on the affairs of school change, so that we can deeply comprehend school change and make efforts at promoting school’s deep change with institutions renewing. The dissertation adapts theory study method and survey study method.The reason of school change is not to show off, but to implement educational ideal, which demands great courage with possible risk and unknown future. So, school’s man should make clear its situation such as why, what or how to change before its change. No matter to analyze the reason of change, determine the content of change, or to probe the channel of change, we can find institutions in all of them. The social transformation, originating from the social institutional transition, is the native factor that results in school change. The drawbacks in the present educational system suppress children’s develop. Initiative school change needs the protect of institutions which can ensure the rights and obligations of government and school, also can construct the school change atmosphere and lead change acts.The comprehension of institutions cannot be only on the technique layer and the thought that regards institutions just as rules regulating behavior is wrong. Generally speaking, institutions have two classifications, formal and informal. Formal institutions can be determined definitely in writing, while informal institutions action in the following forms as customs, accepted practices, conventions and ideology. The process of institutions development basically follow such a route, growing from personal habits to the masses’practices, from habits to conventions, from informal rules to formal rules. Formal institutions must be planted in informal ones, which means that formal institutions must have enough social identification so that it can play its action. So, the research about institutions comprises not only obvious and formal institution, but also indistinct and informal one. The institutional environment in this dissertation contains social basic systems such as political and economic system, cultural and educational system but also social educational concept. The school inner institution comprises formal regulations and informal institution.No matter formal institutions or informal ones, their focal point is to lead and regulate people’s behavior. Such a characteristic of institutions makes them as pioneers of organization and society improvement because institutional change means that behavior change, and behavior change will lead to organizational change and social change. Therefore, school change can begin with school institutional innovation. The nurture of fine institutional environment and the immediate influence of inner institution can produce great effect on the change of school people’s behavior and the transform of the whole school atmosphere.In more than twenty yeas’school change, great change has been taking place in the school institutions environment and arrangement. The legal and civilization level of our society has been enhanced. People’s idea of democracy, legality and self consciousness is being strengthen. School leader lays more stress on institutions construction and administrates school with institutions. The more than twenty years’institutions transition is a big strength to school change. The transition of institutions environment improves the transformation of school change channel. The construction of school inner institutions promotes the whole school culture. But school institutions still exists many problem and these problem has been block on the way to school deep change. How to reform and innovate school institutions is an urgent task. But we should pay attention to what is institutional innovation. Institutional innovation is not to design and arrange several new rules. It involves the change of interest structure, the change of people’s concept as their belief and people’s habit as their thinking and doing pattern. What we should remind is that institution is not easy thing.The theses assailing educational system defects and criticizing institutional education are common. But no matter school or society, its situation without institution or de-institution is far worse. We must acknowledge that no matter educational reform or school change should promote under the institutions. What we should do now is that clean away the institutional block, create a favorable institutional environment for school change, and push school change forward through inner institutional innovation.更多还原