宋代的古琴文化与文学

【作者】 张斌；

【导师】 蒋凡；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 古琴是我国传统音乐文化中的瑰宝，从先秦时代起，他便在文人士大夫的精神生活中占有重要的一席之地，所谓“八音之中，琴德最优”，古琴在文人士大夫阶层世代相传的结果，使得其具有了超越纯粹乐器的地位而获得了丰富的文化内涵。也正因为如此，我们在面对古琴时，常常面对这样的困惑，即：古琴本是一样乐器，其研究应当属于音乐史的范畴，但古琴的发展、成型、流传、研究又均在士大夫阶层中完成。换言之，古琴并非普世的、全民的乐器，在古代社会中，他的弹奏与受众均有特定的对象。关于古琴的传说也无不关联到中国史学、哲学、文学的各个方面，只要我们面对古琴，就无法割断其与文化母体之间的脐带而奢谈其音乐史上的存在价值，亦不能将之作为纯粹的文化现象而剥离其具体音乐环境。在此基础上，笔者认为古琴的音乐文化是一个综合体，只有从跨学科的角度进行多维观照，才能尽可能地还原其历史真实，更加准确地把握这一文化瑰宝在今天的存在价值。宋代是我国封建社会的一个文化高峰，也是古琴音乐文化发展的重要时期。在宋代，文人士大夫阶层将古琴纳入他们政治理想的一部分，把古琴音乐看作“三代之治”的理想社会的影子。在积极实践的基础上，他们进一步探讨与总结了古琴音乐的理论。无论是在音乐演奏的层面，还是文化建构的角度，宋人都作出了超越前代的成绩，并且在宋人成果的基础之上，得以形成明清之际琴学兴盛的局面。在此意义上，宋人的琴学研究对于我国古琴音乐文化的建构有着筚路蓝缕之功，对宋人古琴文化的研究也可以为明清琴学的研究厘清其源头之水，来龙去脉。本文的研究对象是宋代的古琴文化，由于古琴文化是一个我国传统社会音乐文化、礼制文化以及杂糅了儒家思想与道家思想的综合体，因而本文的研究不局限于对与古琴音乐的研究，而涉及宋代古琴文化的方方面面。本文主要由宋代的古琴音乐文化、宋代的皇室及士大夫文化对古琴的影响，宗教人士对与古琴文化发展的贡献，以及以朱长文《琴史》为代表的宋代琴论个案研究这几部分组成，力图在尽可能掌握宋代古琴文献的基础上，全面观照古琴文化在宋代的发展情况。作为中国传统文化的精髓，古琴目前已经与昆曲一道成为联合国人类非物质文化遗产，学习古琴的人也越来越多，古琴的相关研究较以往亦有所增多。但是目前国内还没有一部古琴的断代史研究著作，多角度的综合性论述也不多，本文的写作便是试图填补这个理论空白。在现实意义上，古琴文化在当代社会也正面临着流行快餐文化的大力冲蚀，如何在当下处理好古琴文化保存与发展的关系也是一个值得思索的问题，宋代是一个音乐的多元化时代，对宋代古琴发展的研究也许对于今天不无裨益。更多还原

【Abstract】 Guqin, also called Chinese lute, is one of the precious heritage of Chinese ancient culture. In ancient time, the educated Chinese considered it not only an instrument of music, but also a symbol of the harmony between the people and god. What’s more, all legends of Guqin are combined to different aspects of Chinese history, philosophy and literature. Guqin’s position in music history is very special. The specific social group of Guqin’s player and audience had given Guqin a noble state among the other instruments, and guqin’s development, research are all accomplished by the literates, who were the ruling estate of the country. When we are going to research Guqin and its culture, we just can’t strip it out from its cultural matrix. The lute is a treasure of Chinese traditional culture. In order to evaluating the treasure more precisely, the author suggests using a multi-discipline perspective on the research work since this may be a comprehensive way of doing it.Song dynasty is one of a cultural summit in Chinese history; it’s also an important period of Guqin’s development. In song dynasty, literates considered Guqin as a symbol of their political ideal and a reflection of ancient ideal world. They further developed guqin’s musical theory and made excelled achievement on both musical and literate level. Base on the effort made in Song dynasty, the art of Guqin was prosperous in Ming and Qing dynasty. To this extent, literate in Song had a remarkable influence on the traditional Guqin culture.This paper present here is a research on Guqin culture which is synthesis of Chinese traditional Music, etiquette, Confucianism and Daoism. It’s not limited to Guqin music but is about all aspects of Guqin culture of Song dynasty. This paper contents 4 parts: Guqin musical culture of song, The impact of royalty And literate on Guqin, the contribution made by religious monks and A case study of the history of Guqin Written by Zhu Changwen in North-Song dynasty.As the quintessence of Chinese traditional culture, guqin has been placed on the UN list of Non-Material World Cultural Heritage, more and more people are studying Guqin playing as well as its culture matrix. However, till now, no research on Guqin culture in a very dynasty has ever been available, comprehensive thesis on this field are also rare. This paper is intended to fill the theoretical vacuum.更多还原