【作者】 顾世群；

【导师】 田海平；

【作者基本信息】 东南大学 ， 伦理学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 伊斯兰文明是影响人类历史进程的伟大文明,今天在西方强势文明的冲击下,它又一次但却是以反面的形象占领了世界舞台,各种矛盾斗争的源头都指向了伊斯兰教文化本身,它亦因此变得扑朔迷离。伊斯兰教因其鲜明的道德色彩被称为“伦理一神教”,本文试图通过对《古兰经》伦理思想的梳理和分析,认识伊斯兰教伦理的本质和特点,以期了解伊斯兰文化,为寻求宗教对话、形成多元文化生态尽绵薄之力。真主是伊斯兰教信仰的终极实体,它完满、无限、万能、全善,是穆斯林赖以生活的价值、支柱、动力和源泉。真主创造了世间万物及其规律和特性,人类作为真主普慈特慈的产物,具有前定下的自由意志,这是道德行为成为可能的逻辑前提。为确保行善去恶的伦理后果,伊斯兰教伦理以人类死后复活、全体接受真主奖善罚恶的公正审判来保证善恶有报、德福一致的实现。真主、前定下的自由意志、末日审判构成伊斯兰教伦理思想内在逻辑机制运行的三大要素。《古兰经》伦理思想以正信,即信仰真主作为一切伦理行为的基础。惟有符合教义精神的举意、对宗教义务的虔诚履行和坚持不懈的行善三者的结合才能培养出正信、正已、正人的理想人格。伊斯兰教坚持两世并重的人生观,主张“工作”、“清洁”、“求知”的生活方式;《古兰经》伦理思想指出结婚成家是穆斯林的积极天命,允许一夫多妻,但要求丈夫在物和情感上公平待遇众妻。婚姻庄重合法,给予穆斯林有限制的离婚自由。伊斯兰教伦理要求家庭成员坚守信仰、各守其分、各负其责,以保持信仰的纯洁和家庭的稳定;乌玛是以伊斯兰信仰为纽带建立起来的穆斯林社团,穆罕默德用伊斯兰教意识形态指导社团行为,这种作法也成为今天人们广泛谈论的伊斯兰政教合一传统的源头。在乌玛中,穆斯林都是兄弟,关系平等、团结友爱。乌玛以“吉哈德”(圣战)来保证个体的信仰和穆斯林社团的整体利益,其理想是实现“人类一族”的穆斯林大同世界。伊斯兰教认为人与自然都是真主的创造物,真主拥有天地万物的所有权,人是真主在大地上的“代治者”,这既决定了人在大地上的主体地位,同时也限制了人对自然的肆意行为。从以上对道德自我、家庭、乌玛、自然的伦理分析中可以看出,《古兰经》伦理思想具有信仰价值至上性、入世性、人性化倾向和超稳定性的特征。其中,作为宗教伦理,它坚持信仰本位,并以后世末日审判作为赏善罚恶,解决德福矛盾的终极手段。但伊斯兰教伦理效用在广度和深度上表现出来的历史一贯性是与众不同的。《古兰经》伦理思想的入世性和人性化倾向表现出鲜明的个性特征,鼓励人们带着信仰的目的和意义积极入世,而在处理具体事务的过程中允许采取与人性及人的现实需要相符的灵活、弹性的处理措施。伊斯兰教法是克服德性与幸福之间张力的制度手段,它与信仰心理的强大作用共同促成了伊斯兰教伦理思想的超稳定性特征。形式的保守和滞后某种程度上窒息了文化因子的积极活动。《古兰经》伦理思想的主旨是劝善戒恶、引人向善,穆斯林是“信道而且行善”的人,通过现世的努力和奋斗实现个体与社会、现世与来世的永恒和谐。文化间的隔膜乃因为彼此间缺少基本的了解,由表面现象得到的先入之见最易遮蔽真实的显现,以平和、客观的心态认识不同样式的宗教文化不仅能推进对文化问题的深考也能从中得到资源性的、具有人类共享性的价值启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 Islamic civilization, which is one of the greatest cultures in the human history, has great impact on the social life in today. The Quran is the basic classic of Islam, the ethical thoughts embodied in which are one important part of Islamic civilization. The investigation of them not only gives us better knowledge of the characteristics of Islamic culture, but also provides a basis for the religious dialogue and consequent zoology of diversified cultures.The conception of Allah is the most important in the ethical thoughts of Islam. Allah gives Man a free will, which makes the moral act possible. The ethic of Islam enables man to realize the ideal situation of happiness and ensure the ethical consequence of the good action by the causal law of comeuppance.The ethical thoughts in the Quran base the ethical behavior on the belief in Allah. Only the motive from the belief, with the fulfillment of religious duty and persistent welldoing, can cultivate the ideal personality of the firm belief in Allah, upright self and sense of responsibility. Islam insists on the theory of life which emphasizes the importance of both worldly life and eternity. It claims that vocation, purity and knowledge are three crucial parts of life. The ethical thoughts in the Ouran point out that marriage is the positive vocation of Muslim, and demand the members of a family fulfill their duty to keep the stability and harmony. Umma is a corporation of Muslim which is established through the Islamic belief. In Umma, Muslim are equal and fraternal brothers, whose ideal is to realize the great harmony of the world. According to Islam, human and nature are both created by Allah. Allah is the owner of everything and man is just the representative of Allah in the earth. Consequently, man’s behavior is under obligation, although he achieves subjective status in the earth.The ethical thoughts in the Quran are characterized by the supremacy of the belief, secularity, humanity and stability. The motif of the thoughts is to lead human to a good life and realize the harmony and happiness of worldly and otherworldly life, individual and society.更多还原