【作者】 王云琦；

【导师】 朱金兆；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 本论文结合国家“十五”科技攻关课题“长江三峡库区水源涵养型植被建设技术研究与示范(2001BA510-02)”，进行了三峡库区森林理水调洪机理及空间配置研究，以期为三峡库区乃至整个长江流域理水调洪型植被建设提供科学依据。 论文从坡面尺度进行了典型森林群落理水调洪机理的研究。采用统计、分形理论、非线性预测、弹性分析、边际分析、主成分分析、聚类分析、灰色关联等，对典型森林群落的林冠层、枯落物层和土壤层的水文机理进行定量研究，通过实测11场暴雨条件下坡面产流数据，对各森林群落产流特征进行了分析。随着暴雨量的增加，林冠的截留能力有所下降，最大截留率出现在暴雨量60mm左右。林地枯落物的持水作用主要表现在降雨前期的2h以内，特别是在前30min以内。林地土壤都具有调蓄该地区最大日降水的能力；在土壤水分入渗最快的前5min内，入渗速率主要受A层土壤结构影响；在5～30min内，主要受AB层孔隙组成和B层土壤结构的影响；在趋于平稳的30～180min内，主要受C层土壤结构影响。林地土壤最佳抗蚀性指标为团聚度。抗冲系数与土层厚度关系最密切。机械组成和微团组成对抗剪强度指标内摩擦角φ影响最大，对粘聚力c值影响最大的是机械组成。在暴雨条件下，林地坡面地表产流量与暴雨量、地表产流历时与暴雨历时线性正相关，地表径流峰值和地下径流峰值不受暴雨过程控制，土壤层强大的洪水调蓄作用使地下径流对暴雨的响应明显低于地表径流。 采用层次分析法(AHP)构建了森林群落理水调洪功能层次结构模型，应用综合评分法对各森林群落理水调洪功能进行了静态评价，结果为：灌木林＞针阔混交林，常绿阔叶林＞楠竹林＞农地(对照)。通过实测暴雨坡面产流和地下产流过程进行动态评价，结果表明：在相同暴雨条件下，楠竹林地表径深分别为混交林的2.7倍，为灌木林的3.7倍，为农地的4.5倍，为阔叶林的5.7倍。混交林和阔叶林的地下径流深比其它土地利用类型大一个数量级，为其它土地利用类型的8～10倍。楠竹林坡面径流峰值约为混交林和灌木林的2倍，为阔叶林和农地的3倍。阔叶林和混交林地下径流峰值比楠竹林大2个数量级，比灌木林和农地大1个数量级，即常绿阔叶林调蓄洪水能力最强，楠竹林最差。 以MMS(模块化模型系统)为基础，应用ArcGIS等手段，结合定位观测和实更多还原

【Abstract】 The research on the hydroglogical function mechanism and spatial scenarios of forest in Three Gorges Reservior Area was conducted, which are associated with the national tenth-five year plan of state key task of scientific and technological research "Technology Research and Demonstration of Vegetation Construction with Water Conservation Function in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Yangtse Basin " （2001BA510-02）. The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence for vegetation construction with hydrological function in Three Gorges Reservoir Area and even in Yangtse Basin.On slope scale, hydrological function mechanism of typical forest communities were investigated and evaluated based on the quantitative analysis in hydrological effects of canopy, litters and soil layers and slope runoff characteristics in the 11^th rainstorm conditions by the methods of modeling, statistical method, elasticity analysis, marginal yield analysis, grey correlation analysis, PCA （principal component analysis）, FCA （fuzzy-clustering analysis）, fractal theory and so on. The canopy capacity takes on down trend with the increasing of rainstorm, and the maxium rate occurred in the about 60 mm of precipitation.The best hydrolgogical function of litters is mainly observed within the first 2 hours of precipitaiton, especially in the first 30 minutes. The forest soil had the ability of regulating the maximum diurnal rainfall; in the initial phase [0,5min]of infiltration, the structure of A soil genetic horizon is the major influencing factor; in transition phase (5,30min]of infiltration, the pore distribution of AB horizon and soil structure of B horizon are the major influencing factors; in the stable phase (30,180min]of infiltration, the soil structure of C horizon is the major factor affecting the infiltration velocity.The optimal index to represent the soil anti-erodibility is conglobation degree of soil. The anti-scour coefficient is closely related to the thickness of soil horizon. The internal friction angle is significantly affected by both the particle size distribution and aggregate size distribution; however, the cohesion is mainly influenced by particle size distribution. Under the condition of rainstorms, there is significant positive linear correlation between slope surface runoff and storm rainfall, slope surface runoff duration and rainfall duration. The responses of surface runoff peak and groundwater flow peak were weak on rainstorm peak. The optimal hydrological function of soil layer led to inapparent response of groundwater flow on rainstorm.Then, the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） was applied to establish the hydrological hierarchy function model of forest communities, and integrative grades were used to give static evaluation, the results of static evaluation showed that: evergreen broadleaf shrub forest> evergreen更多还原