节点文献
商周原始瓷产地研究
【作者】 朱剑；
【导师】 王昌燧；
【作者基本信息】 中国科学技术大学 ， 科学技术史， 2006， 博士
【摘要】 中国古代文明历史悠久，源远流长，是世界上唯一独立起源且连续发展的文明。其中瓷器的发明和制作是对世界文明的巨大贡献之一，是中华文明的重要组成部分。原始瓷是一种跨时代、跨文化地区反复出现的陶瓷遗存，是由陶发展为瓷过程中重要的中间阶段，它的起源、发展、传播等问题直接关联着我国陶瓷发展模式以及商周文化的面貌，是考古学、陶瓷史和化学史的重要课题之一，具有重要的学术价值。考古资料明确表明，早在3000多年前，我国商周时期，已经烧制出器表挂釉、质地坚硬、吸水率甚低的原始瓷器。1929年安阳殷墟发掘时，即发现了这种原始瓷器。近80年来，相当数量的商周原始瓷，陆续出土于我国南北各地。自原始瓷发现以来，有关研究便未曾间断，其中，最为人关注莫过于原始瓷的产地问题。一般有两种观点，一是认为中国的原始瓷起源于我国南方的江西、浙江等地，然后传播到我国北方的黄河流域和南方的珠江流域；二是认为我国的原始瓷几乎同时起源于我国的黄河和长江流域，之后再传播到珠江流域。应该说，两种观点虽各自都有一定的道理，但至今未有定论。 近年来，化学成分分析在古陶瓷研究中日显重要。一般说来，古陶瓷原料为就地取料，因而有着明显的地域特征。这样，不同地区的陶瓷产品，其元素的组成和含量以及同位素比值都将有所差别。特别是痕量元素，因对陶瓷器的质量不会产生影响，故一般没有人为因素干扰，可基本原封不动地保留在陶瓷器中。这些痕量元素便具有颇为理想的“化学指纹”作用，可有效地应用于古陶瓷产地研究等问题。 本文对古陶瓷科技分析中的若干方法学的问题进行了摸索和尝试，探讨了无损和有损等不同条件下的考古样品分析问题，并进行了相关的研究，获得了一些有意义的结果。 通过ICP和INAA等多种微量元素分析方法，对江西吴城、郑州商城、浙江黄梅山以及山东大辛庄等多个遗址出土原始瓷进行了全面和系统的科学测试与研究。对大量样品微、痕量元素多元统计的分析结果表明，在微、痕量元素组合特征上，北方与南方遗址出土原始瓷迥异；同时，陶器包括部分印纹硬陶与原始瓷器也有明确的区别。 结合年代和考古学背景，将北方不同遗址出土原始瓷与南方江西吴城等遗址出土原始瓷进行了对比分析，从科技角度支持了原始瓷具有多个起源的看法，提出了原始瓷不仅北方有源且具有两种以上不同发展脉络以及南、北方商文化之间的技术传播关系等多个重要观点。 我们的研究指出，原始瓷的产地具有明显的多源性，即我国南北方都有着烧制原始瓷的技术和条件，北方出土的商周时期原始瓷，相当部分应属北方当地的产品。原始瓷起源的单源性或多源性，将对北方白瓷的产生明显不同的影响，甚至可望为理解我国汉代之后瓷器的所谓“南青北白”格局提供新的认识。该结果为进一步探讨原始瓷产地以及我国瓷器起源和发展问题提供了重要依据。
【Abstract】 Chinese archaic civilization with a long history is the only civilization which has independent origin and consecutive development. Thereinto, as the important composing part the invention and facture of china contribute to world civilization enormously. Protoporcelain is a kind of multi-epoch and multi-culture-area ceramic hangover with iterative appearance, and it is the important interim of the development from pottery to porcelain. Therefore, its origin, development and prevalence problems which relate directly to china development mode and Shang Zhou culture visage are the important discussion of archaeology, ceramic technic history and chemistry history and have important learning value. The archaeological data shows definitely that the glaze,texture-hard, low sop up Protoporcelain had been fired in the Shang Zhou period since three thousand years before. This kind of Protoporcelain was discovered during the An Yan Yin Xu excavation in1929. A large number of Shang Zhou Protoporcelain excavated in succession from Chinese southward and northward in resent 80 years. Since the Protoporcelain was discovered, the related research, especially the producing area problem, has not be interrupted. There are two standpoints usually, some people consider that Chinese Protoporcelain come from the southward areas such as Jiangxi and Zhejiang and then promulgate the northward Yellow River drainage area and southward Zhu River drainage area, the others think that Chinese Protoporcelain come from the northward Yellow River drainage area and southward the Changjiang River drainage area mostly at the same time and then promulgate the Zhu River drainage area. There has not the last word yet, since these two opinions have reasons respectively.Recently, the chemistry component analysis becomes more important in ancient ceramics research. Usually, the material of ancient ceramics are acquired locally, so they have the obvious local characteristics. Therefore, the element composition and content and isotope ratio of samples which come from various areas are different. Especially the trace elements are preserved in the chinaware unchangeably without factitious factor because they have nothing with the quality of chinaware. These trace elements are applied in the ancient ceramics producing research as the ’chemistry fingerprint’.This article gropes for some methodology problems of ancient ceramics technical analysis, discuss the archaeology samples analysis in lossless and loss conditions, carry some related research work and acquire some satisfying results.By the ICP and INAA analysis of trace elements of porcelain excavated in Jiangxi Wuchen、 Zhenzhou、Zhejiang Huangmeishan and Shandong Daxinzhuang sites, the multi statistical analysis results in a comprehensive and systemic research show that the combination characteristics of trace elements of southward and northward are different and pottert including some impress-pottery is also differ from porcelain.Combined decades and archaeology background, the contrast analysis of the