【作者】 马守才；

【导师】 张改生；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 作物遗传育种， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 杂种优势是生物界的普遍现象。小麦与其它作物一样,适宜的杂交组合亦具有明显的杂种优势。关于小麦杂种优势的研究,最近几年已经取得了长足的发展,但要更大范围将杂种小麦推向大面积生产,仍有诸多科学技术问题需要攻克,如:加强优势组合的更新与选育,尤其是高效制种技术体系的研究与建立。由于小麦是白花授粉作物,播量大,繁殖系数相对较低。因此,如何经济有效地生产大量的杂种种子,是杂种小麦最终进入大面积生产的关键问题。多子房性状是我国新发现的小麦特异性状,具有明显的穗粒数优势,可以明显提高小麦的繁殖系数。鉴于此,本文就小麦多子房性状,采用了传统的遗传分析、数量遗传分析、AFLP分子标记与筛选、多子房近等基因系选育等进行了比较系统的研究,同时探索与研究了利用小麦多子房性状来提高杂种小麦繁制种效益的新途径,获得如下主要结果: 1.通过对多子房小麦分别与4个普通小麦正反杂交的F₁,F₁自交并与单子房普通小麦回交得到F₂和BC₁群体分析,发现F₁全为多子房植株,F₂分离,多子房植株与单子房植株比例为3:1;BC₁分离,多子房植株与单子房植株比例为1:1。表明供试小麦的多子房性状是受制于1对显性核基因控制的遗传。 2.对多子房小麦和4种普通小麦变种、10种山羊草属可育异质小麦间正反杂交F₁、F₂代的细胞质效应分析,结果表明:供试的14种细胞质中,8种细胞质对多子房性状具有明显的细胞质效应,使F₁杂合显性多子房基因表达受阻,而F₂纯合显性多子房基因能够表达。以此为依据,提出通过回交转育方法将小麦雄性不育和多子房性状二者巧妙结合来提高小麦不育系的繁殖系数,以及通过该方法解决化杀和三系途径在杂交制种面临繁殖系数低的问题（专利名称与受理号分别为:一种提高化杀杂交小麦繁制种效益的方法,200510096062.8;一种提高三系杂交小麦繁制种效益的方法,200510096301.X）,促使杂种小麦的制种效益可明显得到提高。 3.对3个多子房小麦和8个普通小麦的配合力和杂种优势研究表明:①株高的遗传符合加性——显性模型;穗粒数和产量的遗传以各类互作效应为主:千粒重以加性和非加性效应为主。②配合力方差分析表明,株高、干粒重、穗粒数的GCA和SCA差异显著:单株产量GCA不显著。③多子房小麦间在株高、千粒重性状上GCA效应差异显著,以多Ⅱ和多Ⅲ较好:穗粒数性状多Ⅱ和多ⅢGCA均与多Ⅰ有显著差异,且属正向:单株产量GCA均末达显著水平。④GCA和SCA均与杂种优势有关,强优势组合选配中,要注意在双亲或亲本之一具有较高GCA基础上选择SCA高的组合。⑤四个性状依超标优势大小比较,优势顺序为:株高>穗粒数>单株产量>千粒重。3个多更多还原

【Abstract】 The heterosis is a general phenomenon of the living nature. The wheat, like other crops, has obvious heterosis since suitable hybridized combination is made up. But the heterosis of the wheat is still unutilized extensively, because of the question of making strong heterosis selection and the question of technology in producing hybrid seeds. As the wheat is a self-pollination crop, the sowing norm is great, it is relatively low to propagation coefficient. So how to economily produce a large number of hybrid seed effectively, it is one of the key problem that hybrid wheat applied to production. Multi-ovary character as a new peculiar properties of wheat was discovered in our country, has an advantage of kernels per head obviously, and use it can improve the propagation coefficient. In view of this, In view of this, this article on the wheat multi-ovary character has conducted the quite systematic research through the traditional heredity analysis the quantity heredity analysis, the AFLP molecular marker and screens and the multi-ovary NIL breed, at the same time explored and studies the new way to enhanced propagation benefit of the hybrid wheat using the wheat multi-ovary character,the main results obtained were as follows:1..One multi-ovary wheat was reciprocal crossed with 4 common wheat, and F₂ and BC₁ generation were obtained by F₁ plant self-crosses and from the backcrosses of F₁ with the mono-ovary wheat as male respectively. A11 plant F₁ were multi-ovary, the ratio of multi-ovary: mono-ovary in F₂ was suitable 3:1;the ratio of multi-ovary: mono-ovary in BC₁ was 1:1. The result indicates that the multi-ovary character of wheat was controlled by one dominant nuclei-gene.2.Through studing the cytoplasm effect on F₁ F₂ from reciprocal crossed between multi-ovary wheat and 4 mono-ovary Dinkel wheat, and 10 kinds of the alloplasmic wheat varieties Chris with different Ae.gilops cytoplasms, the result shows: the 8 cytoplasm have obvious cytoplasm effects in the 14 cytoplasm tested, make the multi-ovary gene expression obstruct in F₁ heterozygous dominant genetype, and can be expressed in F₂ homozygous dominant genetype. Based on this, we putforward transferring multi-ovary character to wheat male sterility line through backcrossing method to improving propagation coefficient in male sterile lines reproduction and hybrid seed production（The patent name and accepts the number respectively is: One kind of the method to enhancement propagation benefit of the chemical hybridizing wheat, 200510096062.8;One kind of the method to enhancement propagation benefit of the cytoplasm male sterility wheat, 20051009630l.X）, impel the hybrid wheat towards producing as soon as possible.3.Hybriditation and self were made between three multi-ovary wheat and eight wheat to study on their genetic ^ combining ability and heterosis,the results are follows:(DThe heredity of plant height of multi-ovary wheat was fitted the additive dorminant model;that of kernels per head and yield per plant were controlled by various interaction effects.the additive noadditive effect played major role to 1000 kernals weight.（2）The varance of general and special combing ability（GCA and SCA） was significant respectively in plant height lOOOkernels weight > kernels per head of multi-ovary wheat,then GCA was not significant respectively in the yield per plant.（3）GCA effects of plant height, 1 OOOkernels weight of multi-ovary wheat shows respectively remarked,duoll and duoIII were best;GCA effect of kernels per head of duoIK duoIII was remarked with duol,it has positive effects.GCA effect of the yield per head was not remarked.（4）GCA and SCA was correlated with heterosis.The crosses with strong heterosiswould be possible with both parents having high GCA and SCA effects.?By means of plant height n kernels per head , yield per plant, lOOOkernels weight decreased in this order,heterosis of multi-ovary wheat was differenty in consequence of different character.4. Based on studying of the genetic law and cytoplasm effect of multi-ovary, we formulated the applying way that utilizing multi-ovary peculiar character toward wheat heterosis,through analysis of hybrid wheat research current situation and existing problem, and develops the method of parent selection and hybrid seed production with multi-ovary character among the way of CHA and CMS. Utilizing this method, we can breed strong heterosis combination with multi-ovary character, break through the obstacle of the propagation coefficient at present. We are hopeful to realize that obtaining double heterosis among nuclear and cytoplasm > nuclear parent’s genotype to making heterosis the surmounting furtherly originally.5. In order to set up the MAS technology system of multi-ovary gene, and improve selection efficiency, we study AFLP molecular marker of multi-ovary geneby BSA. The results showed that a total of 64 EcoRI/Msel primers combinations were investigated employing the common wheat cultivar duoIL xinongl376 and gene pool, and 3896 fragments were amplified, ranging from lOObp to 700bp. 19 primers combinations can reveal wheat multi-ovary gene polymorphic among pool and parent, the appearing rate of polymorphic primer was 29.69%. 8 primer combinations among 19 pairs were validated in F2 colony and one marker （E4M8） linked to the dominant multi-ovary gene were identified , with a map distance of 13.84 cM, respectively. The marker would play an important role in the genetic improvement of multi—ovary wheat through marker aided selection（MAS）.6. In order to study the multi-ovary character of the wheat more accurately, we have created NIL（M04309） of multi-ovary of 77（2）through backcrossed with 77（2） as a recurrent parent> using duo II as donor parent and dwarfing sterile wheat as the hybridization tool, The results were as follows:?M04309 was evaluated, results showed that M04309 have genetic stability of multi-ovary character, and other characteristics keep the same with 77 （2）. ?The genetic diversity of NIL for wheat multi-ovary character were evaluated by the acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （APAGE） technique of gliadin. preferable genetic consistency was found in between the NIL > between NIL and the recurrent parent. ?Good genetic consistency was found in between the NIL , between NIL and the recurrent parent with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （PAGE） technique of EST, POD, which not suitable for the identification of the genetic variance between this NIL and their parent. ? Characteristic bands of the multi-ovary gene was detected, which did not show any polymorphism between this NIL and their parent.更多还原