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致病酵母核型的脉冲电泳分析及在分类鉴定和临床诊断中的应用

【作者】 刘维达;

【导师】 吴绍熙; 柴建华; 郭宁如;

【作者基本信息】 中国协和医科大学 , 皮肤病与性病学, 1993, 博士

【摘要】 念珠菌属和新型隐球菌是临床上最常见的条件致病真菌,由于各种原因引起的免疫低下患者不断增多,致病酵母引起的感染也随之迅速增加。以往对病原真菌的种间鉴别和种内分型主要建立在无性阶段表型特征基础上,难以达到分类学和流行病学所要求的准确性,稳定性和重复性的要求。脉冲电泳(PFGE)技术解决了分离大分子DNA的技术难题,为医学真菌的分子遗传学及基因型分类鉴定的研究提供了新的途径。本研究用PFGE中较先进的CHEF系统分析了187株念珠菌和23株新型隐球菌标准株和临床分离株的电泳核型(EK),并用DNA-DNA杂交的方法探讨了不同念珠菌间的亲缘关系。 本研究首先建立了用PFGE分析致病酵母的方法学,并选择出合适的制备全染色体DNA的程序,得到了完整的染色体DNA。接着摸索出一套既能获得清晰易读的带型又有利于临床快速鉴别的电泳条件。由4组不同的电泳参数组成,还分析了影响EK的各种因素。 第二,获得致病酵母基因组结构的基本数据。(?)种不同念珠菌的染色体大小范围在0.5~2.8Mb之间,基因组单倍体染色体数目为5~14条不等,具体为白色念珠菌(?)条,热带念珠菌5条,伪热带念珠菌10条,近平滑念珠菌9条,季也蒙念珠菌6条,克柔氏念珠菌4条,类星形念珠菌10条,光滑念珠菌12条,新型隐球菌染色体数目新型变种为10或12条,gattii变种及上海变种为11条,大小范围在0.4~2.1Mb之间。 第三,得到了各念珠菌和新型隐球菌特征性EK。发现EK不仅有种或变种特异性,而且在种内存在着广泛的染色体长度多态性(CLP)。说明EK不仅可作为种间或亚种间基因型鉴别的依据,也可成为区别种内不同菌株的流行病学研究的可靠标志。 第四,对EK的实用性进行了评价,证明EK有较好的重复性和稳定性,并扩大了实验样本量。通过比较,发现EK与表型鉴定法有良好的一致性,并纠正了一些表型鉴定的错误,但未发现EK与带菌或分离部位及药物敏感性有直接关系。 最后,用3株不同种的标准念珠菌的全染色体DNA做探针,分析了(?)种不同念珠菌的亲缘关系,发现近平滑念珠菌与白色念珠菌的同源性较高,而其它念珠菌之间的亲缘性并不象原来想象的那样近。并发现rDNA在不同种甚至同种不同株的染色体上定位有差异,表明也可做为分类鉴定的特征之一。

【Abstract】 Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans are the most common human opportunistic fungi. The infection caused by the pathogenic yeasts are quickly increasing with rising numbers of the immunopromised patients. Till now, the interspecias identification and the intraspecies typing for fungal pathogens are based on the phenotypic characters of the anamorph stags, so it is difficult to obtain adequate precision, stability and reproducibility in the researches of taxology and epidemiology. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) techniques which can separate large molecular size DNAs(1000-10000kb) provides a new way of studying molecular genetics and genotypic classification of medical fungi. In this study, we analysed the eletrophoretic karyotype(EK) of 187 Candida strains and 23C. neoformans strains, including standard strains and clinical isolated strains, by CHEF system. In addition, we inquired into the phylogeny relations between different Candida specias by using DNA DNA hybridization method.First, we established a set of standardized methods of karyotype analysis of pathogenic yeasts by PFGE. Suitable procedures of preparing total chromosomal DNA are selected and the best electrophoretic conditions, giving clear bands as well as saving time, are found out, it contains four groups of different electrophoretic parameters. The factors of influencing EK are analysed besides.Second, the basic data about the genoae organization of pathogenic yeasts were obtained. The chromosoaal DNAs of the Candida species were separated into 5 14 bands ranging in size from 0.5 to 2.8 Mb. The haploid number of chromosomes was 8 for C, albicans, 5 for C. tropicalis, 10 for C. pseudotropicalis, 9 for C. parapsilosis, 6 for C. guilliermondii, 4 for C.Krusei 10 for C. stellatoidea and 12 for C. glabrate. The number of chromosomes of C. neoformans was 11 for var. gattii while 10 or 12 for var.neoformans, ranging in size from 0.4 to 2.1 Mb.

  • 【分类号】R450
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