【作者】 赵沁娜；

【导师】 杨凯；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 环境科学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 城市土壤是城市生态环境的主要组成部分之一，具有重要的生态、环境和经济功能，也是城市污染物的源和汇。随着工业发展和城市化推进，一些城市土壤环境质量日益恶化，直接或间接影响了城市生态环境质量和居民人体健康。特别是在城市产业结构调整、城市空间布局变化后，位于城市中心地带或者工商业聚集区中的污染土地被遗弃、闲置、荒废或改变用途后的潜在土壤污染风险问题已逐渐显现。在我国城市化进程不断加快，中心城区土地资源已十分短缺的背景下，污染土地置换开发已成为城市土地可持续利用的重要手段，而日益严重的城市土壤污染已经成为制约土地置换开发的重要因素。 国际上污染土地置换开发的环境管理已有20多年的实践，在污染土地的识别、评价及其处理与管理、法规建设等方面上形成一整套体系。相比而言，我国城市土壤污染环境管理研究存在较大差距，也相对滞后于城市大气、水体环境污染研究。如何合理有效地控制与管理城市土壤污染，将成为城市可持续发展面临的重要课题。鉴于此，本文以城市土地置换过程中的土壤污染问题为研究对象，运用风险评估与风险管理作为政策分析工具和管理手段，理论研究与实证分析相结合，对城市土地置换过程中土壤污染风险问题进行探讨，以期为城市土壤污染地块的置换开发的环境管理提供科学依据。本文的主要研究内容与结论有以下几个方面： (1) 重点评析了美国超级基金计划、欧盟污染土地管理政策、日本土壤污染管理体系以及加拿大国家污染场址计划等国际上污染土地置换开发管理的理论和实践。从管理机构与职能设置、政策与法律法规手段、技术手段以及责任认定等4个方面进行了比较分析，并阐释了国际上污染土地置换开发管理理论和实践对我国的启示：①良好的城市土地利用规划是控制与管理污染土地置换开发的源头手段；②公平合理的环境责任认定是实施污染土地治理和开发的关键环节；③合适的资金筹措机制。是解决污染土地治理和开发资金的重要方式；④灵活的土壤污染修复目标是降低污染土地清洁费用的有效途径；⑤适当的污染土地风险评估等级划分是合理使用有限资源的有效手段；⑥有效的多利益方共同参与是实现污染土地置换开发的重要保障。 (2) 引入“生命周期集成管理(LCIM)”理念，提出城市土地置换过程中土壤污染风险管理的理论与方法。阐明了LCIM视角下对城市土地置换过程中土壤污染风险管理的双重性、动态性、系统性等特点，提出其内涵是基于城市土地置换开发“生命周期”这一核心，将风险管理的思想、理论与方法及措施贯穿在城市土地置换开发的全过程中，利用系统的、科学的管理方法对存在于整个土地置换生命周期中土壤污染的风险进行识别、分析与评价，综合运用技术的、经济的、法制的、社会学的方法对土壤污染风险进行管理，实现从源头到末端的全过程控制与管理；提出包括风险预警原则、全过程控制原则、受益者分担原则等土壤污染风险管理原则，以及集成管理目标、管理过程、多利益方参与三个维度的风险管理机制：①土壤环境影响评价融入到城市土地置换开发生命周期的管理机制；②城市土地置换过程中土壤污染环境责任认定和适宜的资金筹措机制；③城市土地置换过程中土壤污染风险管理的多利益方参与机制更多还原

【Abstract】 Urban soil is one of the main components of urban ecological environment, which has a very important ecological, environmental and economic function, and meanwhile, it is the sources and sinks of pollutants. With the development of industry and urbanization, the quality of urban soil environment has becoming more and more serious, which directly or indirectly affect the quality of the urban environment and human health. Especially, since urban restructure and urban space arrangement, the emergence of potential soil risk brought by a large number of contaminated lands, which locate on the urban center but just be in abandonment, be in unused or used ineffectively. has been received serious attention. Nowadays, under the background of high-speed urbanization and shortage of land resource in urban center, the development of city land substitution has become a more important means, but the severity of urban soil pollution has been an important restrictive factor for land replacement.With the practice and development of contaminated land replacement for 20 years, many countries have formed a complete system on the identification, assessment, and management of contaminated land. While the study of urban soil in our country has just been on the agenda in recent years and the environmental management theory and method of urban soil pollution has lagged behind the atmosphere and water aspects. How to control and manage these problems effectively is the main question of realizing the sustainability of cities for discussion. On the basis of it, the paper focuses on the soil pollution problem during land replacement, using risk assessment and risk management as a tool of policy analysis and management, integrating of theory study and case study, urban soil pollution risk during the process of land replacement are discussed The result of the paper is of great theoretical and practical significance to environmental management of urban soil pollution during land replacement. The main research contents and conclusions can be summarized as the following:(1) The practice and theory of contaminated land replacement in international countries are analyzed deeply, such as superfund of America, contaminated land policy of European countries, contaminated land management system of Japan, and NCSRP of Canada. et al. By comparison, problems such as the management organization and function arrangement, law system, technique methods and the definition of liability of polluters, are considered to be the main weakness of urban soil pollution control and management. Some inspirations are droved, such as effective urban land use planning, impartial and reasonable economic responsibility definition, appropriate mechanism of financing, flexible soil pollution remediation target, approviated division of contaminated land risk assessment degree, and effective stakeholders’ involvement, which could be used for reference of the contaminated land replacement management in our country.更多还原