电子证据研究

【作者】 张凯；

【导师】 刘金友；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 诉讼法学， 2006， 博士

【摘要】 证据制度是诉讼制度的核心内容之一。电子证据作为一种法律与科技相结合的证据领域新生儿，吸引了众多注视的目光。在众多学者的关爱中逐渐揭示出电子证据的内在特点，同时也暴露出诸如证据种类归属困惑、证据取得困难和证据评价规则缺失等问题。解决这些问题要以构建证据规则为主导并充分利用计算机技术工具，同时注重法学理念与技术观念、实践经验积累与理性思维提炼、阶段性定位与前瞻性预测、外国司法经验借鉴与适应中国国情等方面的结合。 本文由以下七章组成： 上篇主要涉及电子证据基本理论、电子证据的表现形式和特点及其法律定位。 第一章分析电子证据的运用背景、电子证据与证据理论的互动及有关电子证据的立法概况。诉讼理念和诉讼手段上的现代化进一步催化了电子证据在司法实践中的运用。而由于电子证据的出现，证据运用的理念也呈现出科学化趋势，证据裁判主义内涵也随之丰富。国际社会中有关电子证据的主要立法有：刑事方面的欧洲联盟《网络犯罪公约》，民事方面的联合国《电子商务示范法》等。 第二章从整理电子证据的表现形式入手进而分析其内在品质。根据不同标准，对于电子证据可有不同分类。本文介绍的电子证据表现形式主要有电子数据交换、电子邮件、电子签章、电子货币、电子公告服务信息以及电报、电传和传真。对“电子化”可作如下理解：生成过程的技术化、存在形式上的无形化和表现状态上的媒质化。电子证据还是一种特殊的“统一体”与“矛盾体”。 对电子证据作如下定义：产生于电子技术环境下的、可以用作证据的电子化材料及其派生物。并进一步对于“电子化”做如下解释：生成过程的技术化、存在形式上的无形化和表现状态上的媒质化。 第三章对电子证据在法律上的定位进行构思。应以一种渐进的方式和融合的态度来对待电子证据在法律上的“正名”问题，这个过程可分为三个阶段：内涵扩大阶段；以电子证据形态为核心内容的证据逐渐出现于其它证据种类之中的阶段；真正形成独立地位的阶段。 下篇主要涉及有关电子证据的证据规则，这种相关规则的完善对于网络虚拟社会的和谐具有重要意义。 第四章分析非法证据排除规则如何对电子证据进行取舍。非法证据排除规则用于调整电子证据是实现非法证据排除规则本身对“E”空间的保护而不是让非法侦查行为这一病区向无形的虚拟空间扩散的重要机制。需要在认清规则所处的外部环境的基础之上，划分为两个阶段，以构建理念为基础，厘清其用于调整电子证据所面临的主要问题，并确定适用非法证据排除规则的一般原则与具体规则。 第五章探讨如何判断电子证据的真实性。参照国外立法，我国可建立如下关于电子证据的最佳证据规则： 首先，要严格区分原件与复制件。其次，应当明确可以提供复制件的情形。第三，还应区分不同的具体情况。 在电子证据的真实性审查原则上，要以审查电子证据的电子签名为核心，附带审查电子证据的收集途径、保存环境；要以鉴定做为判断电子证据真实性的主要手段；要以法律推定的方式来做为判断电子证据真实性的辅助手段。 第六章涉及电子证据与传闻证据规则的衔接。电子证据成为传闻所必须满足的三个前提是：该传闻的形式必须以电子化的形式出现；在电子证据本身所记录更多还原

【Abstract】 Evidence system is one of the core parts of the procedural system. As a new product of the combination of law and science, electronic evidence has attracted much more attention. Under such condition, many problems such as the confusion of evidence type ownership, the difficulty of evidence collection and the lack of the evaluation rule of evidence are exposed with the disclosure of the intrinsic characteristics of electronic evidence. To solve these problems, measures must be taken to construct the evidence rule and make a full use of computer technology, meanwhile, pay attention to the combination of the following factors: legal ideas and technologic concepts, the accumulation of practical experiences and the refinement of rational thoughts, the gradual localization and the foresighted forecast, the reference of foreign judicial experiences and the adaptability to Chinese basic condition.This paper is divided into 7 chapters as follows:The first part of this paper mainly involves the contents of electronic evidence’s fundamental theories and forms and also its characters and legal position.Chapter one analyzes the background of the application of electronic evidence, the interaction between electronic evidence and evidence theory and the general situation of legislations on electronic evidence respectivelyThe modernization of procedural ideas and means has further catalyzed the application of the electronic evidence in judicial practice. And with the appearance of the electronic evidence, the ideas of the application of evidence present a scientific trend, which leads to the expansion of the connotation of evidence judgment doctrine. In international society, the main legislations about electronic evidence include: Convention on Network Crime of European Union in the criminal aspect, Model Law of E-commerce of the United Nations in the civil aspect and so on.Chapter two further analyzes the intrinsic characteristics of electronic evidence by sorting out its forms. According to different standards, electronic evidence can be classified in different ways. Several forms of electronic evidence are introduced in this paper: electronic data exchange, E-mail, electronic stamped signature, electronic currency, information on electronic announcement service and telegram, telex and fax. "Electronic" can be understood as follows: the technicalization of the course of production, the intangibility of existent form, and the mediumzation on display. And also the electronic evidence is a kind of special "entity" and "contradiction".The electronic evidence can be defined as follows: electronic evidence is a kind of material which evolves from the technological environment of electron and can be used as the evidence and material and its derivatives. And further explanation to electronization can be made: the technicalization of the course of production, the intangibility of existence form, and the mediumzation on display.Chapter three conceives the legal position of electronic evidence. We should treat the question of " rectifying name" on electronic evidence by a progressive way and with the attitude of integration.The course can be divided into three stages: the expansion of connotation; the appearance of the evidence taking electronic evidence as key content in other evidence types; forming the real independent position.The second part of this paper mainly involves electronic evidence rules. The completion of relevant rules plays an important role on the harmony of virtual network-society.Chapter four analyzes how to rule out illegal electronic evidence in accordance with illegal evidence exclusion.Using illegal evidence exclusion to adjust electronic evidence is to realize its更多还原