【作者】 成燕辉；

【导师】 杜道生； 龚健雅；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 地图学与地理信息系统， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 地理信息标准化的主要任务是对与地球上位置相关的目标或现象,依据信息技术标准,制定一系列定义、描述和管理地理信息的结构化标准。近年来国内外的研究有较大的进展,特别是在模型方法、共享与互操作技术标准、标准一致性测试、概念模式的描述、数据标准、地理信息应用服务标准等方面取得成果,作用也是明显的。但是仍然存在一些诸如对依存主体的概念和逻辑结构缺少研究;对标准体系构造方法和标准主要元素缺乏系统性分析;标准聚集的类与依存主体不对应等整体性和框架性问题。目前在这几方面还没有突破性研究结果。本文针对上述问题,引用系统工程学和标准化的基本理论分析地理信息技术标准系统;重点分析和研究依存主体结构、标准主要元素和信息共享的原则;通过模型化和结构分析来研究并提出国家级地理信息技术标准系统结构模型,采用工程开发方法构建标准体系结构框架。 地理信息技术标准体系及其依存主体都具备系统的特征,因而形成概念上的标准系统和依存主体系统。但是,在地理信息领域运用系统工程研究标准体系和依存主体者并不多见。而本文则在研究中立足于引用系统工程学和标准化的基本理论分析标准系统和依存主体系统(见第2章和第3章)。特别是在分析标准系统中,提出了“研究和制定标准就是要找出标准主要元素并对其加以约束”的概念,并且从ISO19100系列标准和有关资料中归纳出一些标准主要元素,对主要元素做了分析。如果能够处理好这些主要元素,就可以消除由标准问题产生的共享壁垒,保证共享和互操作的实现。 依存主体系统在整体上是概念化的人工系统,但是构成系统整体的组成部分在逻辑上有着相互的联系。有些组成部分本身就是实体系统。研究依存主体系统的目的是要分析出系统的组成结构。所以,找到和归纳出依存主体系统基本组成体是非常重要的。以往的研究在这一点上是欠缺的,结果导致标准体系结构的分解没有依据。本文却对依存主体系统的总体框架构成和理论、技术、实践主体等进行了深入分析。并且以此作为分析基础,将大量的组成要素在逻辑上归纳为研究与设计、数据生产技术、数据和产品、质量控制、物理设备、系统和数据库、网络和互操作、数据管理和安全、应用服务、系统文档等几个大类的基本组成体。对依存主体体现形式的分析,也说明了基本组成体存在的客观性和科学性。这个结果为标准体系结构建立了分解和分类基础。 在本文的第4章中分析和阐述了地理信息共享的原则。标准是在技术上确保实现地理信息共享的关键。必须消除由标准问题产生的共享壁垒。从共享的主要方式来看,包括分别基于元数据、数据格式转换、直接访问模式、空间数据服务、网络分布系统互操作的几种共享。而要实现这几种主要的共享方式,关键仍是解决共享和互操作标准问题。 虽然元数据已经有很多研究成果,ISO也在其标准中给出了元数据概念模型。但更多还原

【Abstract】 Servicing objects or phenomenon directly or indirectly related to locations on the earth, the major task of geographic information standardization is to work out a series of structured standards for defining, describing and managing geographic information according to standards of information technology. The past years witnessed great achievements in this research area, especially in modeling technology, technical standards of information sharing and interoperability, testing of standards’ consistence, description of conceptual patterns, data standards, standards for applied services of geographic information, etc. These achievements significantly improve the standardization of applications in this field. However, for some essential problems, we still have no breakthrough research achievements. These problems affect the integrity of standard system and the definition of standard system’s framework. For example, we lack research work on the concept of dependent contexts and logical structure of standard system. Few analyses have been done systematically on how to construct standard system and primary elements of standard. The class of standard aggregation dos not match dependent contexts. Aiming to helping solve these problems, this thesis applied theories of system engineering and principles of standardization to analyze technical standard system of geographic information. The analysis if this thesis focused on studying the structure of dependent contexts, primary elements of standards and principles of information sharing. By building models and conducting structural analysis, this thesis proposed a structural model for state-level technical standard system of geographic information. A structural framework of this standard system was built by engineering development approaches.Technical standard system of geographic information and the dependent contexts of this system are featured by the nature of a system. However, in the area of geographic information research, few works can be found to study standard system and dependent contexts by system engineering approaches. One of the innovations of this thesis is to root its research works of standard system and dependent contexts on the theory of system engineering and principles of standardization (Chapter 2 and 3). Especially in the analysis of standard system, a standpoint is proposed that to study and work out a standard is to find primary elements of the standard and add constraints to it. Hereafter this thesis sum up some primary elements of standard from ISO19100 serial standards and some related references, and studied them in detail. If these primary elements can be appropriately processed, obstacles generated from problems of standard system, which blocks information from sharing, can be eliminated. This will assure the implementation information sharing and interoperability.Dependent context system in general is a man-designed conceptual system while its constitutional parts are logically connected. Some of these constitutional parts are entity systems. The objective of studying dependent context system is to figure out its constitutional structure. So it is critical to identify and draw out fundamental entities that constitute this dependent context system. Previous research works on this point is not sufficient. This makes it groundless to decompose the structure of standard system. This thesis studied in depth the structure of overall framework of dependent context system as well as theoretical contexts, technical contexts and application contexts etc. Based on this analysis, the large numbers of constitutional elements are sum up to several classes of fundamental constitutional entities logically. These classes are research and design, data product technology, data and product, quality control, physical facilities, system and database, web and interoperability, data management and data security, application service, system documents etc. Objectivity and scientificity of fundamental entities’ existence are also confirmed by analysis of the behaviors of dependent contexts. This result established the foundation of how to decompose and classify the structure of standard system.Chapter 4 of this thesis analyzed and >? principles of information sharing. Standard is the key that technically ensures the realization of geographic information sharing. Obstacles generated from problems of standards that blocks information from sharing must be eliminated. From the mode of sharing, we have the following types of sharing: metadata-based sharing, data format transformation, direct accessing mode, spatial data service, and interoperability of distributed web system. To realize these sharing methods, the key is still in the standard of sharing and interoperability.There are a lot of research achievements in metadata research. ISO defined a metadata conceptual model in its standards. However, the metadata model provided by ISO is only a schematic description and it is not possible to make clear the structure of metadata and its evolvement from this definition. Upon this understanding, chapter 4 of this thesis proposed a novel conceptual model for description of metadata. This model is capable in more accuracy and more detail to describe the metadata concept, collection and extension, as well as relationship between elements ofmetadata and high-level abstraction with its connection to metadata.Consistency of standards is to ensure the consistency of models, descriptions and constraints of the same object in different standards. There are a lot of methods and standards to test and determine consistency. However, it is very difficult in experience to establish correlations between standards in large-scale standard set. In order to solve this problem, this thesis imported matrix theory to study and discuss mathematical methods for determination of consistency and correlations of standards. Direct and indirect mathematical model for determination of consistency and correlations of standards are designed based on adjoin matrix and reachable matrix.geographic information standard; standard system; dependent context;interoperability specification; system engineering of standardization更多还原