【作者】 吴玲；

【导师】 梁学庆；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 农业、农村和农民问题是中国社会发展的根本问题,也是中国社会稳定的根本问题。党的十五届三中全会提出:“农业、农村和农民问题是关系改革开放和现代化建设的大局问题。没有农村的稳定就没有全国的稳定,没有农民的小康就没有全国人民的小康,没有农业的现代化就没有整个国民经济的现代化”。江泽民同志在党的十六大报告中指出,本世纪头20年我们要建设一个惠及10多亿人口的、更高水平的小康社会,全面建设小康社会的雄伟蓝图能否顺利实现,取决于“三农”问题能否妥善解决,而农业、农村和农民问题,归根结蒂就是土地问题,制度性因素是解决“三农”问题的关键,而农地制度又是关键中的关键。农地问题是涉及中国社会发展、稳定的大问题,是关系我们事业成败的关键问题,也是我们当前理论界亟需研究的一个重大课题。 纵观新中国农村社会经济发展历程,实际上就是一部农地产权制度变迁的历史,从土地改革到家庭承包制,我国农村先后经历了土地农民所有、农民经营——农民所有、集体经营——集体所有、集体经营——集体所有、家庭经营的变迁,初步建立了一套基本适合中国实际的农地产权制度体系。其间,无论是制度变迁成功的经验,还是失败的教训,都充分地体现了农地产权制度对农业生产、农村经济发展的巨大作用。 中国经济二十多年的持续增长得益于农村社会经济的发展,归功于本质上作为生产关系的农地制度深刻地变迁:从土地的集体经营逐步过渡到家庭承包经营,从家庭承包经营制的基本制度确立,到在家庭承包制基本制度框架下,土地不同的经营使用形态的创新,中国的农地制度一直在探索着效率更高的制度变迁。目前,我国农村经济正以稳健的步伐向前发展,但是我们也应清醒地看到,农地制度的发展正面临着严峻地问题:有限的耕地和不断增长的人口。在今后的发展中依然是一对非常尖锐的矛盾;过多的农业人口以及农地的过度分散经营,严重制约着农业生产率的提高;人力的不合理开采利用与自然力的极大破坏,使得生态环境日益恶化,使得耕地以更快的速度减少;家庭承包制固有的制度缺陷也逐步凸现,导致土地产出率的下降和农业生产的停滞,因此,在保持家庭承包制合理内核的基本前提下,现行的农地制度有待进一步创新。 本研究以新制度经济学、土地资源经济学、产权经济学、信息经济学、农业经济学等为基础理论,采用规范分析与实证分析相结合、静态分析与动态分析相结合、制度分析方法、博弈论等方法,在有关产权理论和制度变迁理论的基础上,对我国农地产权制度变迁的历史进行了回顾,考察了不同阶段农地产权制度的演进、制度安排及制度绩效,对我国农地产权制度变迁提出了经济学和法学意义上的解释,分析了现行家庭承包制的产权缺陷,论证了农地制度创新的未来走向,深入研究了当前制度创新的热点问题——征地制度的变迁与创新。本文在吸纳中外大量理论研究和实践成果的基础上,又有所发展和创新,形成了自己的研究体系和学术观点,在以下几个方面进行了深入研究和探讨:用委托——代理理论分析了初级社和高级社作为一种组织存在与消失的原因,从博弈的视角分析了农民与经济组织之间的互动;从实证的角度分析了影响农地承包调整的因素,得出了农地调整在短期难以取消的结论;归纳了现行的农地征用制度安排的多重制度悖论,总结了征用制度变迁的具体路径;中国农更多还原

【Abstract】 The problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers are the basic problems for Chinese society to develop and to keep steady. It was proposed at the Third Plenary session of the 15 Central Committee of the party that "The problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers are significant for China’s reform and opening policy and modernized construction. Without rural stability, there is no stability of the whole country. Without farmer’ s well-to-do level, there is not the. whole national well-to-do level, Without agricultural modernization, there is no national economic modernization." Jiang Zemin pointed out, in the report of the 16th parliament of the CPC, that we want to construct a high-level well-off society with over 1 billion population. To achieve the blueprint, we have to solve the problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, which have the farmland system as the key problem. So the problem of farmland is very critical to China’s development and stability.The history of New China’s rural social economic development is a process of the changes of agricultural real estate right systems from land reform to household contract responsibility system. An agricultural real estate right system from privately owned and individual managed to privately owned and managing collectively, then collectively owned and managed, and finally, collectively owned and family managed. Both experiences and lessons of the system change have great influence on agricultural production and the development of rural economy.The steady growth of China’s economy in the post two decades benefited from the development of rural social economy, which was attributed to the innovation and efficient change of agricultural real estate system. At present, China’s rural economy is developing steady, but we can find some serious problems existing in the development of agricultural real estate system. Limited farmland and increasing population become intense conflict, and excessive agricultural population and loose management of farmland confined the agricultural productivity, unreasonable exploitation of natural resources and destruction of the elements worsen the ecological environment and reduce the farmland fast. The inborn weakness and causes the decrease of land productivity and stagnation of agricultural production. So, current farmland system needs further innovation on the condition of keeping household contract responsibility systemsThe research takes New System Economics, Land Resource Economics, Property Right Economics, Information Economics, Agricultural Economics as the basic theories, and adopts such methods as norm analysis, case analysis, stagnant analysis and dynamic analysis, system analysis and game theory. This dissertation, based on relevant property right theories and change theories, traces back to the change history of China’s agricultural real estate systems, and investigates thechange, arrangement and performance agricultural real estate right system at different phases. It explains the system change from economics and laws, and analyses the shortcoming of current household contract responsibility system. At last, it proves the trend of agricultural real estate system innovation, and studies the top topic-taking over the land for use system.This dissertation has following development and innovation: It analyses the reasons of existence and disappearing for junior communes and senior communes as an organization with the entrust-acting theory, and analyses the interaction between farmers and economic organization. It analyses the factors of farmland adjustment with examples, and draws the conclusion that it’s hard to abolish farmland adjustment in short period, It summarizes the wrong idea of multi-system of taking over the land for use, and points out a specific clue.Frankly, it’s hard to analyses the history and reality of China’s agricultural real estate right system change with the theory of system economic. On one hand, The theory of China’s farmland system change is so profound that any conclusion appears shallow. On the other hand, too much research made by others and the author’s limited knowledge make it hard to innovate the theory. However, it is still very significant to investigate the history of farmland system change and analyses it’s present performance, to summarize the general and special property of China’s farmland system changes, to explain and explore the developing direction of China’s farmland system changes.更多还原