【作者】 黄和亮；

【导师】 张建国；

【作者基本信息】 福建农林大学 ， 林业经济管理， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 我国林业发展面临着严峻的生态环境保护和日益增长的木材及林产品的需求的双重压力。但与这一严峻的现实极不相称的却是我国林地利用的低效率。本论文从这一现实背景出发,研究提高我国林地资源配置效率的制度安排,得出如下基本结论: 1.在市场经济制度下,尽管并存着市场配置和政府配置两种资源配置方式,存在着“市场失灵”问题,但要实现林地资源的效率配置,必须以市场机制作为林地资源配置的基础机制。鉴于林地资源的利用对生态环境保护的特殊作用,政府有必要介入林地资源的配置,但政府介入林地资源的配置要有明确的边界限制,并选择合适方式,要以市场机制的有效发挥为前提,要防止“政府失误”。 2.分析我国林地资源利用制度表明,我国林地资源的配置呈现弱市场化配置的特征。这体现在四个方面:(1)国有林地资源长期无偿使用和使用主体的一元化;(2)集体林地资源使用主体的区域性和封闭性,以及在集体林地分户经营中重“公平”而轻“效率”的制度安排;(3)林地产权难以流动,限制了林地资源与资本、劳动、技术和管理才能等生产要素的优化配置。(4)集体林区林业股份合作制属强制性制度变迁的结果,运作过程中难以实现政经分离。 3.林地资源的市场化配置以林地市场的发育为基础,林地市场是林地产权交易的市场。从我国土地产权基本制度出发,完整的林地产权市场体系应包括:林地所有权的征购市场、林地使用权的出让市场、林地使用权的出租市场、林地使用权的转让市场和林地使用权的转租市场。 4.由于林地资源的利用对生态环境有十分重大的影响,且林地资源本身的特殊性,要求实行可持续利用。因此,我国林地产权市场模式只能是垄断竞争型的。竞争主要要求市场机制的有效发挥,以提高林地资源的配置效率;垄断一方面体现在国家对林地征购的独家垄断,另一方面体现在国家要依靠林地利用规划、林地分类利用、林地用途管制、林地利用监测和评估、林地产权交易审查和许可及林地利用税收和信贷政策等手段对林地市场进行强有力的调控。 5.林地资源的价格是林地资源市场化配置的重要问题之一。由于商品性林地与公益性林地的主导利用目标不同,二者的价格内涵和估价方法不同。商品更多还原

【Abstract】 Forestry in China faces double pressures of the austere ecology environment protection and the increasing demands of timber and forest product. But the low using efficiency of timberland is inappropriate for this austere realism. In view of above-mentioned actual background, the paper studies on the institution arrangement to improve timberland resource allocation in our country and draws some basic conclusions as following:1. Market economy system is based on market mechanism. Under market economy system, there are two resource allocation modes—market allocation and government allocation, and the problem of marker failure is in existence. However, to realize the allocation of timberland resource efficiently, it should give priority to market mechanism as the way of allocating timberland resource. In view of the special effect that timberland resource using on ecology environment protection, it is necessary for government to intervene the allocation of timberland resource. But intervene should be with definite restrictions, chooses appropriate way, acts on the premise of giving play to market mechanism availability and prevents the "government failure".2. The analysis of the institution of timberland resource shows that the allocation of timberland resource in China isn’t based on market mechanism. It embodies on three aspects: (1) the gratuitous utility of national timberland resource and the using entity centralization; (2) the regionality and sealability of collectivity timberland resource, and institution arrangement of attaching importance to "equity" and make light of "efficiency" during the management of collectivity timberland; (3) timberland property right is difficult to flow, which restricts the optimizing allocation on factors of production, such as timberland resource, capital,labor, technology and management talent.3. The market distribution of timberland resource is based on the growth of timberland market, which is the place for timberland property right bargain. In light of the basic institution of land property right in China, the full timberland property right market system should involves: the requisition market of timberland property right, the remising market of timberland right of use, the lending market of timberland right of use, the alienation market of timberland right of use and the underlease market of timberland right of use.4. As the using of timberland resource plays an important role in ecology environment, and in view of particularity of timberland resource, it is necessary to sustainable use timberland resource. Therefore, the mode of timberland property right in China can only be monopoly-competition mode. Competition enables market mechanism to play efficiently to improve the allocation efficiency of timberland resource. Monopoly embodies, on one hand, in the single monopoly of requisition of timberland by government; on the other hand, in that the government should manage timberland market forcefully by timberland use layout, timberland classified use, timberland use control, timberland use monitor and evaluation, timberland property right bargaining checkup and admission and the powerful control of timberland use revenue and credit policy and so on.5. The price of timberland resource is one of important problems in market allocation of timberland resource. Because the dominant use aim of commodity timberland is different from that of commonweal timberland, the price connotation and the evaluation way are also different. The price of commodity timberland is the capitalization of land tax provided by commodity timberland, which can be evaluated by the method of land tax capitals market comparison* inverse account leavings and proportion. The price of commonweal timberland is the capitalizationprovided by commonweal timberland, which can be evaluated by the method of equivalent substitution、 accelerating factor analysis and compensation aberrance. From the result of norm price of commodity timberland resource, existing transfer bargaining of timberland right of use of timberland market can reflect the economic value of timberland right of use, but the standard of compensation of timberland expropriation is too low to embody the intrinsic economic value.6. Timberland property right institution is the key of timberland market allocation. Market allocation of timberland resource requires that timberland property right possesses exclusive, fluidity and abundance connotation of timberland right of use. So the reform of national timberland property right institution should mainly change the centralization of national timberland use entity and the institution of combination of the users with the managers of timberland; the reform of collective timberland property right institution should clarify property right entity and define the timberland right of use.7. The optional way to strengthen market allocation of collectivity timberland resource are as following: (1) collectivity mountain forest leasehold taking the place of gratuitous contract management; (2)the invite-bids and auction of collectivity mountain forest right of use taking place of agreed sell; (3)based on the property right, realizing the combination of the right of use of collectivity mountain forest with social capital. To strength market allocation of national timberland resource, we should consider the actual problems that national forestry enterprise facing and the departure of use function on play chess of market reform of central government 、 local government and national forestry enterprise, and impart some economic inspirit to local government and national forestry enterprise. There are some ways: (1) stratagem recombining of national forestry enterprise, to remise and lend part timberland managerial authority; (2) national forestry enterprise更多还原