【作者】 赵微；

【导师】 戴耀晶；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2005， 博士

【摘要】 本文以言语行为理论为指导,全面、系统地讨论了指令行为及汉语祈使句的特征。本文认为:汉语指令行为可以分为广义和狭义两种,从使用目的角度看,广义指令行为中还包括疑问行为,狭义指令中则包括六小类(希望、禁止、命令、请求、诅咒、允许及建议);指令行为的判定与分类与时间及现实性、疑问、否定、情态、迫切度等因素密切相关;汉语指令行为从语言形式及功用关系的角度来看,可以分为直接指令与间接指令;直接指令和间接指令有不同的实施手段;指令行为是有一定操控度及礼貌度等级差异的;指令行为在不同的文体中有不同的实施手段及特点;祈使句对于能进入其中的动词及动词性结构、形容词及形容词性结构、副词、语气词及语气成分都有一定句法及语义方面的特殊要求,并受具体语用环境影响、调节。 全文共分十章: 第一章引言主要介绍本文的研究意义、所采用的理论框架、研究范围、语料来源和研究方法。 第二章言语行为及指令行为研究概述以时间为线索,全面梳理了从Austin开创言语行为研究以来有关言语行为及指令行为的研究脉络。本章分为四个部分介绍言语行为的研究:一是Austin的研究;二是Searle的研究;三是Searle之后其他语用学家对言语行为的研究;四是运用其他语言学理论对于言语行为进行的研究。最后简单总结了以往学者对于指令行为的研究。 第三章介绍了指令行为的定义及种类,讨论了指令行为的实施与各种语言形式及语义因素的关系。本章将指令行为定义为发出者用来要求接受者实施某个行为的言语行为。我们认为将指令行为和其他行为区分开来的标准主要有以下三条:发出者对接受者的行为做出指令;发出者有让接受者实施行为的意图;发出者有希望通过接受者实施所指令的行为而对现实世界状态产生影响的意图。本章还讨论了情感性指令和实施性指令之间的区别,并总结出了指令行为的次类表。 第四章分别介绍了直接指令和间接指令:直接指令是发出者通过一定话语形式直接表达其希望接受者实施某个行为的指令,接受者对于发出者的这种意图(intention)的理解只需要一定关于此语言的知识,而不需要与会话相关的语境信息或相关的背景知识;间接指令行为是通过另外一种以言施事行为来间接实施的指令行为,发出者在发出实施这种指令的时候由于某种原因没有使用一些固定的直接的话语形式来表达,而是使用了惯常用于实施其他行为的话语形式,接受者在理解发出者指令意图的时候,不仅需要一定的语言知识,还需要根据相关语更多还原

【Abstract】 Under the guidance of speech acts theory, this dissertation gives a full and systematic discussion of Chinese directives and imperatives. Like English directives, Chinese directives can be divided into two types: direct directives and indirect directives. And in Chinese, there’re many different devices can be used to perform these two types of directives. Different devices have different degree of manipulative strength and politeness which will influence the effect of the performed directives. And the effect is also influnced by the power, the status of the speaker and the hearer and some social and cultural factors.Generally speaking, the sex, age and the education conditions of the speaker have influences on the choose of devices to perform directives. As an important device to performe directives, imperatives are also studied in this paper. Relevent syntactic and semantic problems are disscussed. In the end, two types of styles(the introductions of products and legal documents) in which directives can be performed are also discussed.The dissertation consists of ten chapters:The first chapter is a brief introduction to the significance of this study, its scope, guidelines and methodology.The second chapter introduces the speech act theory and makes an overall review of the studies done on the dirctives.The third chapter discusses definition of the directives and some relevent problems,such as time and irrealis modality, directives and questions, directives and negation, directives and modality, etc. And directives can also be divided into emotional directives and performative directives.The fourth chapter discusses the differnce of direct directives and indirect directives and how to divide them. It also briefly describes the devices in Chinese which can be used to perform them. The following relevent problems are discussed too: direct and indirect directives and the speaker(including politeness and the speaker’s self attitude), direct and indirect dirctives and the hearer, direct and indirect dirctives and conventions and inference, the effect of direct and indirect directives.The fifth chapter summarized the linguistic devices in Chinese which can be used to perform direct and indirect directives. Direct directives can be performed with illocutionary sentences with performative verbs. Indirect directives can be performed with following sentences:these stating or asking the hearer’s capability or necessity of更多还原