【作者】 罗兴佐；

【导师】 徐勇；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 政治学理论， 2005， 博士

【副题名】荆门五村研究

【摘要】 中国是一个农业大国,治水一直是中国国家与社会管理中的一件大事。中国地域广大,水资源分布极不平衡,因此,在不同的历史时期和不同的区域,治水的组织与管理十分不同。本文具体考察和分析了新中国成立到2004年荆门区域的治水实践与国家介入和农民合作的关系。 新中国成立后,尤其是经过人民公社化后,国家在农村建立起了以政社合一和集体所有为突出特点的高度集权的组织与管理体制。在这一体制中,国家通过对政治、经济、文化资源的控制,强制人们合作,农民合作问题实质上变成了国家的一个组织问题。国家的强力介入,克服了几千年来农民的组织困境,从而在短短的二十余年中建造起了无以计数的大大小小的水利工程,基本上实现了农田水利化。 联产承包制的实施瓦解了人民公社的制度基础,乡村社会建构起了“乡政村治”的治理结构。在此背景下,原有的、与人民公社体制相联系的水利体制不得不进行改革,改革的总方向是,国家逐渐从基层农田水利建设与管理中退出,水利工程单位转变为市场化经营主体,农业灌溉通过乡村组织统筹共同生产费来实现。由于村级债务日益沉重,共同生产费经常被挪作他用,个体化农产不再信任乡村组织,以统筹共同生产费为内容的乡村水利的组织基础日益瓦解,水利工程单位和农民同时陷入困境之中。 2002年税费改革后,国家进一步退出基层水利的供给与管理,与此同时,国家继续推进农田水利市场化改革,期望通过市场连结水利工程单位与个体化农产的供水关系。由于税费改革后禁止乡村组织插手农产的生产环节,水利工程单位不得不面对高度分散且不能合作的农产,结果,在荆门区域,一方面,大中型水利工程单位得不到使用,无经济来源而陷入困境;另一方面,不能合作用水的农产不得不自建小水利以解决自身的灌溉问题。 基于全文分析,本文得出四个初步结论:1、国家介入是乡村水利有效供给的重要前提;2、不同区域,农民的合作能力不同,从而使不同区域的水利供给状况呈现出差异;3、在缺乏国家介入与农民合作的前提下,市场化取向的水利体制改革正日益陷入困境之中;4、乡村水利的制度安排,必须在国家、市场、村庄三者中寻求最佳的结合方式。更多还原

【Abstract】 China is a large agricultural country and it is a major issue in the country and social management of China to harness the river all the time. China is a large country with extremely uneven distributed water resources. So, on different historical periods and different areas, meanings in water conservancy are very different. In this article, the practice of harnessing the river of the area of Jingmen and the relation of the involved country and the cooperating peasants have been investigated and analyzed from the foundation of new China to 2004.The organization and management system with high-centralized state power had been set up in the countryside after new China was founded, especially after people’s communalization. It took "Combination of Politics and Society" and all of collectives as its outstanding characteristic. In this system, the country forces people to cooperate though the control on politics, economy, and culture resources. The problem of peasant’s cooperation has turned into an organizing question of the country in fact. The brute force of the involved state have overcome peasants’ organization predicament for thousands of years. Thus in no more than 20 year, the state have built the big and small irrigation works uncountable and have realized bringing the land under irrigation basically.The implementation of produces the contract institution have disintegrated the system foundation of the people’s commune. The rural society has built and constructed the administration structure of "Township Politics and Village Governance". Under this background, the existing water conservancy system which contacted with system of people’s commune have to carry on the reform. The direction of the reform is: The state withdraws from construction of water conservancy works and management gradually, the irrigation networks change into the market-based management mainstay, agricultural irrigation should be realized through rural organization by arranging the fee which is produced together. Because the debt at village level is heavy day by day, the above mentioned fee is often diverted to other purpose, individual peasant households no longer believe in rural organization, so the organization foundation of rural water conservancy disintegrate day by day. Irrigation works unit and peasant get into a difficult position at the same time.After the Tax-for-fee Reform in 2002, the country withdraws from supplements of更多还原