民主、人权与中道

【作者】 常保国；

【导师】 郭成伟；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 法律史， 2005， 博士

【副题名】20世纪40年代中间党派宪政诉求

【摘要】 20 世纪 40 年代中国社会形成了三大政治力量并存的格局:国共两党与中间党派,其中中间党派是介于国共之外的第三种力量,亦称“第三方面”或“第三势力”。在 40 年代的中国宪政进程中,中间党派几乎参与了所有的重大宪政活动或运动,对推动中国政治的民主化与宪政建设做出了重大贡献。 作者从宪政实践和宪政理论两个视角,运用历史学和政治学方法,对中间党派在 20 世纪 40 年代的八次重大宪政参与活动进行了比较详细的阐释,在具体的历史语境中评述了中间党派的宪政地位、宪政理念、宪政方案,并分析了新民主主义宪政理论与中间力量、中间党派的内在关联。 作者认为:中间党派在对中国 40 年代宪政中发挥了独特作用,对推动中国民主与宪政进程功不可没。如果仅仅从统一战线角度,只从中间党派与国共两党离合角度评价他们的得失是不够全面的,作者主张还应该从中间党派对中国民主宪政所做贡献的历史维度去评价他们的是非功过;尤其要从具体的语境中对中间党派在国共对立背景下的宪政立场做出客观的评价。作者通过对中共新民主主义宪政理论的系统梳理,通过对《共同纲领》和新政权组成力量的分析,也得出了中间力量、中间党派在新民主主义宪政理论与实践中所具有的稳定的宪政地位。 论文共分六章三个部分。 第一部分为第一章,重点介绍了 20 世纪 40 年代中间党派的基本状况,对中间党派的代表人物背景进行了列表分析。 第二部分包括第二、三、四章。具体阐述了中间党派在 40 年代八次重大宪政活动或运动中的宪政立场、宪政设计、宪政理念及与国共两党的互动、离合。这八次重大宪政活动依次为: 1939-1940 年的第一次宪政运动高潮; 1943-1944 年的第二次宪政运动高潮; 1946 年 1 月的政治协商会议; 1946 年 4 月的宪草审议会议对“五五宪草”的修订活动; 1946 年 11 月的“制宪国大”; 1948 年的行宪国大; 1946-1948 年内战爆发前后的“中间路线”思潮;1948 年 5 月到 1949 年 10 月中共发起的“新政协运动”。在这八次宪政活动中,中间党派都做出了独特的贡献:发起和推动了 40 年代初两次宪政运动高潮,草拟了极富民主精神的“期成宪草”;在政治协商会议中与中共密切合作,迫使国民党做出诸多让步,多次以其宪政智慧化解宪政僵局,对最后达成政协五大决议功不可没;折衷国共诉求,兼顾美苏之长,草拟了中华民国宪草,对弊病甚多的“五五宪草”“做出了重大修正;多数中间党派坚决抵制了国民党单独召开的制宪国大,强烈抨击了行宪国大。通过各种方式弘扬民主、人权、自由,从而对中国社会进行了一次宪政的再启蒙。在中共胜利在望的情况下,放弃了“中间路线”,最终走向了新民主主义宪政并参与了新中国的创建,从而奠定了今日多党合作制的基础。以 1946 年国民党单独召开制宪国大为界,中间党派在国共高度对立,缺少回旋余地的情况下产生了分化和分裂,做出了不同的选择,少数中间党派如民、青两党参加了违反政协决议的制宪国大,行宪国大,甚至与国民党直接合流,支持通过《戡乱时期临时条款》,从而放弃以往一直坚守的宪政立场,为独裁者增添了合法性基础。这也体现了中间党派的妥协性。需要指出的是:既使如民社党、青年党、一些无党派人士参加了制宪国大,甚至参与国民党政府之中,但他们并非一味地屈从、取悦国民党,而是高扬民主、宪政旗帜,对国民党内的反民主势力进行了不断的抵制、抗争、批判,甚至多次以“退出”相威胁,迫使国民党做出许多让步。在主张“中间路线”的同时,不支持中共的革命主张,更否定国民党的一党独裁。第三部分包括第五、六章。主要从理论角度对中间党派民主宪政的理论基础和新民主主义宪政理论进行梳理,分析。1946-1948 年国共内战爆发前后的“中间路线”思潮,既是 40 年代多元化的民主宪政思想的交锋,也是中间党派民主宪政诉求完整的理论形态;在充分占有当年论战资料基础上,对“中间路线”思潮进行了比较系统的梳理。第六章以《毛泽东年谱》为线索,系统梳理、考查了中共新民主主义宪政理论的形成过程,总结了它对中间力量、中间党派的宪政定位。从国体看,即从国家的阶级性质看,中间阶层(小资产阶级、民族资产阶级、更多还原

【Abstract】 There are three main political forces in China during the forth decade of 20 centuries: they are the Communist Party, the Nationalist Party and the middle-of-the-road Party. The middle-of-the-road Party is another force between the Communist Party and the Nationalist Party, which is also called “the middle power” or “third party”. It nearly took part in all important constitutionalism activities or campaigns and made great progress in pushing Chinese Constitutional government construction. The middle-of-the-road Party pursing the Constitutional government in the forth decade is this paper’s central idea. During the writing process, I study this problem from two sights: The Constitutional government theory and Constitutional government practice, and I also use the historic and political science as main research method. The middle-of-the-road Party’s eight experiences on Constitutional government activities have been stated in detail. Its Constitutional government standing, theory and scheme have been evaluated in historic environment. The new-democratic theory is also combined when I research this question in the paper. I analysis the status of the middle forces, the middle-of-the-road Party in the new-democratic theory and practice. The writer think: the middle-of-the-road Party played a specific role in Constitutional government process during the forth decade. It is uncompleted and not objective that we assess which only by the way they agreed or disagreed the Communist Party. We also should assess its gain or loss on what it had done on democracy and Constitutional government. The first part of this paper, that is the number one chapter, which elucidates the basic condition of the middle-of-the-road Party. The standing person’s studying background, social status and their Constitutional government experience are analyzed. The second part of this paper, which contains number two, number three and number four chapters detailed states the middle-of-the-road Party’s stand, choosing and coming or going from the Communist Party during the constitutionalism activities or campaigns. The comprehensive factors which had been influenced its selection has been analyzed. These eight constitutionalism activities are as follows: 1939-1940, the first constitutionalism activities high tide; 1943-1944, the second constitutionalism activities high tide; 1946.1, Political Consultative Conference; 1946.4, rectifying the draft constitution; 1946.11,assembly drawing up the Constitution; 1948, assembly executive the Constitution; 1946-1948, the-middle-road trend of thought; 1948.5-1949.10, new Political Consultative Conference of the Communist Party. The third part of the paper contains chapter five and six. “The–middle-road” trend of thought is the main idea of this part. The interconnection among the new democratic Constitutional government theories of the communist party and the middle forces, the-middle-road Party has been construed, which explain all of them have their clear status in new democratic Constitutional government theories and practices. Note: 1. Assembly drawing up the Constitution: the national assembly whose aim is to draw up the Constitution. 2. Assembly executive the Constitution: the national assembly whose aim is to executive the Constitution.更多还原