【作者】 胡文生；

【导师】 黄兴涛；

【作者基本信息】 中国人民大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2005， 博士

【副题名】晚清学术转型的多维透视

【摘要】 自鸦片战争以来,中国学术文化发生了从内容到形式的巨大变迁,我们姑且名之为从传统向现代的转型。范型(paradigm)理论是美国科学哲学家托马斯·库恩在《科学革命的结构》一书中提出的,这一理论在自然科学和人文社会科学领域都得到广泛的运用。运用范型理论研究中国近现代学术史上的某些局部问题,这在学术界已经十分普遍,而将这一理论运用于中国学术由传统向现代过渡的全局性研究,本文还是一个新的尝试。因此对一些相关理论问题作出澄清和解释,这是在讨论学术转型时必须要首先解决的问题。在本文的第一章中,作者从宏观的角度分析了中国学术现代转型的大致历程,学术转型的涵义及内容,学术转型的动力机制等相关问题。作者试图通过这些问题的分析使读者能够对中国学术由传统向现代的转型有一个基本印象。在接下来的三章中,作者选择了三个视角来对晚清学术转型问题进行具体的研究,这三个问题是:《书目答问》在近代学术转型过程中的地位和作用,书院改学堂对于晚清学术转型的意义和价值,版权问题与现代知识分子的兴起。 《书目答问》是张之洞任四川学政时所作的一部目录学著作,这部著作在近代目录学史上有着十分重要的地位。目录学具有“辩章学术,考镜源流”的功用,它是传统文人治学的入门功夫,因此我们在研究传统学术史时不得不对之有所了解,笔者选择《书目答问》作为切入点,也是想借此进行一些必要的学术训练。当然,由于《书目答问》所产生的时代背景和它的作者的特殊身份,使得这部目录学著作在近代学术转型过程中具有一般目录学著作无法替代的学术地位。《书目答问》作于光绪元年(1874),这在晚清历史上是一个十分特别的时期。此时轰轰烈烈的“同治中兴”正在如火如荼的展开,“同治中兴”是一批具有强烈儒学信仰的传统士大夫企图把近代国家观念移植到儒家社会理想之上的一种努力(参见芮玛丽《同治中兴——中国保守主义的最后抵抗1862-1874》)。而在学术上,为了应对日益严峻的内忧外患,乾嘉时期如日中天的汉学此时已经衰落了,经世致用之学全面兴起,汉宋调和之风盛行,西学也开始全面侵入,一切表明中国学术正在酝酿着一场巨大的变革。《书目答问》诞生于这样一个时代,这就决定了它有着不同寻常的学术意义。首先,《书目答问》具有鲜明的转型时代特征,《书目答问》在书目的选择去取上体现出了调和汉宋、融合中西的学术倾向,在体例的安排上,《书目答问》虽然也还遵循四部分类之6法,但在相关类目的设置上也有新的创新,这些都反映了同光时期中国学术的最新变化。其次,《书目答问》充当了近代转型期学人共同的知识资源背景。《书目答问》适应转型时代的学术需求,运用新时代的学术眼光,将中国当时现有的中西新旧各种学术资源进行了一番选择去取,从而形成了一个基本的知识资源库,并且用书目的形式将其固定下来。在整个近代学术转型时期,这个知识资源库成为近代学人进行新学术创造的基本知识资源背景。当然,《书目答问》还有其他一些学术功效,如对于近代藏书、古籍整理出版方面的指导意义等。可见,《书目答问》在近代学术转型过程中的作用是十分巨大的,它的这种学术价值和多种内涵还有待于学界对之进行深入阐发。作者在分析这一问题时,主要是结合《书目答问》自身的情况,《书目答问》与《四库全书总目》的异同比较,将其放在晚清学术转型的宏大视野中来进行阐发的。书院改学堂是近代学术转型过程中的重大学术制度变迁。近代书院改学堂有着特殊的时代背景,从书院自身的发展历程来看,晚清(特别是同光时期)恰恰是中国书院发展的巅峰时期,但中国书院的消亡也正是发生在这一时期,因此书院在晚清的发展表现出一种嘎然而止的态势。这其中既有必然的因素,也有偶然的因素,书院在晚清消亡的必然因素在于书院自身的腐败,书院制度已经无法适应新时代的教学需求。当然,在书院消亡的过程中,当事者的主观选择,政治权力斗争等因素的搀入更加剧了书院改学堂这一过程的复杂性。晚清书院改学堂这一中国教育制度史上最重大的变迁仅凭几道诏令就完成了,而仿照西方学校制度建立起来的近代教育体系长期陷入水土不服的状况,学校教育制度弊端丛生。正因为如此,学校制度从其诞生之初就面临着社会舆论的严厉指责,相反对于书院制度的废除则普遍表示惋惜,像章太炎、胡适、青年毛泽东等都是明显的例子,一直到今天,学界在研究书院制度时仍然对之秉持一种同情的态度。那么究竟如何评价晚清书院改学堂这一制度变迁呢?我们认为今天的书院制度研究有一种很典型的实用主义倾向,人们在心目中先存了一个学校制度的坏处,然后去发掘出书院制度的种种好处,这样一来,人们往往容易被书院制度和学校制度的互补性所迷惑,而忽视了二者在性质上的本质差异。事实上,书院制度的种种好处未必就能补救学校制度的种种坏处,因为二者在教育宗旨、教学内容、教学方式等方面都有着很大差别,它们在许多情况下是无法相互借鉴的。再说,即使是书院制度本身,也因为它经历了一千多年的演7进而具有不同的时代特征,如许多人津津乐道的讲学制度就只是在宋明的某些时期存在,清代以后这种讲学制度就基本消失了。这些情况说?更多还原

【Abstract】 Chinese academic culture has undergone drastic change from the content and form perspective since Opium War in China. This period could be considered as the transition from tradition to modern. Paradigm as the theory is widely used in natural science and social science. The theory is first introduced by Thomas S. Kuhn, an American philosopher, in his book “The Structure of Scientific Revolution”. It is very common using “paradigm” to analyze some partial problems related to the Chinese modern history, however, it is a new move to make an overall study on change of Chinese Science from tradition to modern in this way. So it is necessary to identify and explain some relational items when the author does the research concerning academic change of Late Qing Dynasty. In Chapter One, the author analyzes the main course of the academic transition from the micro point of view, presents its significance and content, and the dynamics of such transition. The author wants to give the readers a general impression of this transition through analyzing these problems. In the next three chapters, the author makes the specific study nonacademic transition of Late Qing Dynasty from three points of view. They are the status and function of “Zhu Mu Da Wen” in that period, the significance and value of the change from Shuyuan to Xuetang, and the emergence of the copyright and modern intellectual in China. “Shu Mu Da Wen (Q & A about book list)” which enjoys high status in the modern bibliography studies is written by Zhang Zhidong when he was Xuezheng (Education Executive) in Sichuan province in China. The purpose of bibliography studies is to trace the source of certain text. As it is the doorstep of traditional study, it is essential to know it when we do some research in the field of traditional academic history. So the author chooses it as the main method to do necessary academic training. Owing to its time background and author’s special identity, this bibliography owns unique status in the modern transition. “Zhu Mu Da Wen” was written in 1874, a special period in late Qing Dynasty. “Tongzhih Restoration” was thriving at that period. Some zealous Confucianists and believers tended to transplant recent national notion on the Confucian tree. But from the academic aspect, the flourish of Sinology during QiangJia Time declined because of domestic trouble and foreign invasion. With the springing up of the Jingshizhiyong (face the reality pragmatically), the reconciliation between Song and Han academic traditions and the invading of Western study, a great academic transform was imminent. In such situation, “Shu Mu Da Wen” definitely has its own significance. Firstly, “Shu Mu Da Wen” has distinctive transitional characteristics. It reflects tendency both of the reconciliation between Han and Song traditions and mixture with Western in the option of booklist. From the perspective of style, the book follows the method of arrangement according to “four categories”, but has some new elements in certain arrangement. All these show the new changes of Chinese study in Tongguang Time. Secondly, the book became the common background knowledge recourse for the scholars in the transition period. “Shu Mu Da Wen” accommodated the need of the transition. With the insight of a new time, the book selected the better ones from the various Chinese and Western academic schools at that time. As the result, it formed a basic knowledge treasure and fixed them up in the style of booklist. It also has some other functions, such as the publishing and colleting ancient books. It is obvious that the book is so important for the whole changing process. Its value is still awaiting to be further explored. In this thesis, the author mainly focused on the content of “Shu Mu Da Wen” and make comparison with “Si Ku Quan Shu Zong Lu”. From the Shuyuan to Xuetang is a great change of academic system in the modern academic transition. This process has its own background. In Late Qing period (especially in Tongguan Time), Shuyuan experienced both its更多还原