市场化进程中城市副食品供给问题

【作者】 程言清；

【导师】 黄祖辉；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2005， 博士

【副题名】基于供给制度变迁的研究

【摘要】 食品是人类赖以生存和社会发展的最基本的物质条件，是一个不以时间变换和空间转移而改变的永恒性问题。城市与农村的经济分工，决定了农村为城市提供食品的必然。随着城市化进程的加快，越来越多的农村人口转化为城市人口，城市人口数量不断增加，城市的食品需求对整个社会食品供给的意义不断增强。经济体制以来，我国城市居民的食品消费结构显著改善，蔬菜、肉类、家禽、蛋类、奶类、水产品和水果等副食品在城市居民食品消费中的比例不断增加，副食品在城市食品供给中的地位越来越重要。城市副食品供给的目标需要通过一定的制度安排和配套政策措施加以实现。制度是为约束在谋求财富或个人效用最大化中的行为而制定的一组规章、依循程序和伦理道德行为准则。本文运用研究制度与绩效之间关系的一个范式：“状态-结构-绩效”范式，对不同的城市副食品供给制度产生的绩效进行分析。我国城市副食品供给在不同的历史条件下分别利用了计划供给制度、“双轨制”供给制度、“菜篮子”工程供给制度、食品安全制度。这些制度对资源使用权和交换权、副食品交易类型，政府管制方法、市场竞争等产生不同影响，形成不同的副食品供给绩效。城市副食品计划供给制度制约了副食品供给量增加，城市居民副食品消费不足。为了保证重工业优先发展战略的实施，使农业为工业提供积累，政府否定了市场调节作用，制定了向城市居民倾斜的食品分配政策，在农业生产和流通领域实行了人民公社制度和农产品统购统销制度。人民公社制度剥夺了农民独立的生产决策权，农产品统购制度否定了农民的自由交易权、剩余索取权，缺乏经济利益刺激的农民失去了生产积极性，农业集体劳动非常高的监督成本最终导致农业生产力发展缓慢，农业生产不能根据市场需求的变化而变动，人均副食品占有量增加缓慢。户籍制度虽然把农民关在城市大门之外，但副食品供给量的不足使政府一直对市民副食品执行计划供应，市民没有消费选择权。城市副食品供给“双轨制”制度促进了城市居民副食品消费水平提高，但政府财政负担迅速加重。“双轨制”制度作为计划经济制度向市场经济制度转变的一种过渡性制度形式，其实施降低了制度变迁的社会成本，适应了人们意识形态的变化。“双轨制”制度浙江大学博士学位论文市场化进程中城市副食品供给问题一一基于供给制度变迁的研究之前，农业家庭联产承包责任制已经推行，政府多次提高副食品收购价格;按照“双轨制”制度规则，农民完成政府的统购派购任务后可以把剩余的副食品拿到集贸市场上自由出售。获得部分自主经营权的农民，在增加经济收益的冲动下爆发出发展副食品生价几的主动性和积极性，副食品供给量大幅度提高。城市居民继续享有计划供给制度下低价购买副食品的权利，同时又增加了在农贸市场上购买副食品的自由选择权，既得利益得以维护，支持制度变迁。“双轨制”制度下，从稳定社会秩序愿望出发，政府对副食品供给的原则是“提高收购价、稳定销售价”，由此拉大了购销倒挂差价，政府财政负担日趋加重。 城市副食品“菜篮子”工程供给制度增加了城市副食品供给，违反了市场经济原则，经济绩效不理想。“菜篮子”工程是在副食品购销价格全部放开后，市场自发调节产生价格波动，出于政府形象考虑，顺应城市居民呼声，政府直接干预副食品生产，试图通过增加副食品供给量平抑副食品价格的政策措施。按照市场经济原则，副食品生产应该服从比较优势原理，资源配置体现农业生产的区位优势、产品优势，城市副食品供求平枷应是在大生产、大流通、大市场的格局下实现。市长负责制下的“菜篮子”工程，通过财政补贴，建立副食品生产基地、扶持国营副食品商店、限制副食品价格，增加了副食品供给，压制住了市场价格。但“菜篮子”工程是以财政支持为基础的、基于个别城中形成的副食品供求平衡只能是弱平衡，增加了交易成本，浪费了资源。 副食品安全制度促进了副食品质量提高，但没有彻底扭转副食品不安全局面。食品质量安全问题是在食品供给数量基本满足后食品供给出现的新问题，反映了消费者对一食品消费的营养、安全、健康的新要求。副食品安全也成为了目前城市副食品供给的核J亡问题，政府现在出台的副食品管理政策基本是围绕质量安全问题。政府动用了农业、卜_生、质检、工商、环保、经贸、水利、计划、财政等许多部门，颁布了《无公害农产l钵管理办法》，开展了放心食品工程，启动了市场准入制度，加强了食品检测力度，这些措施在很大程度上阻止了不安全食品进入市场，提高了食品的整体质量。但对于副食品尤其是未加工的、天然副食品还缺乏有效的制度解决不安全问题。因为引起劣质副食品流入市场的信息不对称、责任难追溯、信用不发达等问题没有得到治理，市场竞争不公平，优质副食品的市场空间被挤占。浙江大学博士学位论文市场化进程中城市副食品供给问题一一基于供给制度变迁的研究 伴随经济发展，城市居民收入水平不断提高，生活由小康向富裕迈进，饮食结构得到改善优化，城市居民对不同副食品消费?更多还原

【Abstract】 As the fundamental material for human living and social development, food is a permanent issue that will not change with the change of time and space. The functional division of urban and rural areas determines that people living in the urban areas have to live on food supplies from rural areas. With the quickening urbanization in China, more and more farmers migrate to cities. Thus the demand for food is increasing. Since the policy of reform and opening up was initiated, the structure of food consuming in urban areas had been obviously improved, with the proportion of non-staple food such as vegetable, meat, poultry, egg, milk, aquatic products and fruit to the food consumed by the urban residents increased. Hence, non-staple food becomes more and more important.The target of non-staple food supply in the urban area should be realized by certain institutions and accessory policies. Institution is a set of rules, procedures and principles to regulate activities for making fortune or obtaining maximum personal benefits. In the dissertation, one general paradigm that situation-structure-performance was employed to analyze the effects of different historical non-staple food supply systems used in different cities Due to the different historical conditions, Chinese non-staple food supply systems developed from planning supply system, "two-track system", "vegetable basket project", to food safely system. These institutional arrangements have generated varied effects on resources property right, exchange right, trade types, market administration methods and market competitions Thus, different institutions lead to different performances.Urban non-staple food planning supply systems restricted the growth of non-staple food supply, which resulted in urban residents’ insufficient consumption of non-staple food. In order to ensure the strategy of heavy industry priority, agriculture had to provide accumulation for industry. At that time, government denied the roles of market mechanism and implemented the policy of preferred distribution for citizens. In rural area, rural people’s commune system ani universal purchasing & selling system for agricultural products were implemented. Under the commune system, farmer’s decision-making right was deprived. In this case, it refused free trade of agricultural products and farmers could not own the surplus. Therefore these policies could not encourage fanners to work hard, which led to leading to increasing costs and decreasing productivity. Accordingly agricultural production could not match with market changing, resulting in less consumption per capita. Meanwhile, household registration system did not allow farmers move freely to the urban areas in case they would share the insufficient supply of non-staple food.In a way, "Two-track system" improved consumption level in urban areas. However it ledto much heavier financial burden. "Two-track system" acted as a buffer during the period from planning economy to market-oriented economy. Through its conduction, system change cost was reduced, and people gradually accepted the idea of reform. Before "two-track system" was implemented, the household contract responsibility system had been put into practice, and the prices of non-staple food increased too. According to "two-track system", farmers could sell some products after they fulfilled contracted task. Hence, they hoped to increase production, as they owned partly self-management right and earned much more money, hi this way, supply of non-staple food was enhanced to a great degree. On the other hand, citizens still enjoyed low price non-staple food and began to have more choices to get products. Therefore they maintained benefits that had had and would like to support system change. "Two-track system" aimed at keeping social stability, so that governments paid the difference between higher purchasing price and lower selling price. No doubt, financial burdens had been increased."Vegetable Basket Project" increased non-staple food supply, but it did not follow market economy rules, so i更多还原