【作者】 郑继娥；

【导师】 彭裕商；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 历史文献学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 殷墟甲骨卜辞是现存最早的成系统的汉字，是殷商晚期历史的记载，也是中国语言、文化、历史可追溯的最早源头。通过了解祭祀卜辞中祭祀语言的情况，我们可以比较真实地把握当时社会的面貌。而要了解语言，从动词入手是最好的方法。甲骨文祭祀动词数量多，有自己独有的特点。通过分析祭祀动词及其相关的名词短语、介词短语、副词短语等成分，我们可以全面了解祭祀语言的特点，这不但对于研究殷商晚期语言的变化有重大意义，而且对了解西周金文、春秋战国古文字的发展奠定了基础，也为汉语史研究的深化和延展提供了最直接的材料。此外，还为研究商代晚期的祭祀制度、宗教思想提供了第一手资料。目前该课题的研究还比较薄弱，尚未有学者对祭祀动词的结构和语义作全面、系统、定性、定量的论述。本文在吸收前人成果的基础上，全面考察祭祀卜辞中的祭祀动词，根据语法结构与语义分析相结合的原则，对祭祀动词从形式和语义上作了深入探讨。 本文首先确定所要研究的祭祀动词的数量，根据语法形式和语义相结合的原则对祭祀动词作了分类。甲类动词能带原因宾语，却不能以牲名为受事宾语；乙类、丙类、丁类都不能带原因宾语，乙、丙两类都能带对象宾语。但乙类动词能以牲名为受事；丙类却不能；而丁类是根据位置相同、词相似的系联原则，只能出现在王宾卜辞中的动词，它不能带对象、牲名为宾语。 接着，本文对祭祀动词的动宾结构作了以宾语数量为次序的分类研究。发现单个祭祀动词可以带一个宾语、两个宾语和三个宾语。动宾语义分别可以表示原因、对象、受事、工具、处所等。甲骨文卜辞与后世文献的不同点是，卜辞中非祭祀动词的双宾结构是延续到现在的“给予”式结构，而祭祀动词带双宾的语义却是：(为某事某人)(向祖先某)(用某牲)祭祀中的两项。而且，甲、乙、丙三类动词带宾语的能力不同，即使同一类动词带同一类宾语的能力也不同，所以出现了祭祀动词双宾结构、三宾结构的数量不平衡的现象。本文对其中的原因试着作了探讨。我们还对祭祀动词前的状语、祭祀动词后的补语作了分类分析。祭祀动词前的状语可以表示对象、原因、时间、处所和施事;补语只表示对象、时间和处所.对几个状语或补语成分同现时的语序，也进行了研究。一般来说，时间总是处在离动词较远的地方，而对象则离动词较近:原因则紧跟在动词后面。 我们还从语义结构上分析了祭祀动词与其论元的关系。论元是指与动词发生语义关系的名词短语和介词短语等。我们主要分析了祭祀动词的原因、对象、牲品、时间、空间、施事六个论元。重在揭示其在卜辞中的表现形式和与其他论元的相对位置。在分析时，我们运用了考古学的成果和人类学调研结果来作佐证。 除了对一个祭祀前后的名词短语、介词短语作分析外，我们还对祭祀卜辞中多谓语动词作了研究。多谓语动词的结构多样，而且语义也很复杂.我们仅对那些有确切标志词、或者动词词义比较明确的多谓语句，作了语义关系的分析。多谓语动词间可确定的关系为:并列、先后、兼语式此外我们还对王宾卜辞、卜旬中附祭祖先的卜辞、合祭先王的卜辞作了形式上的分析。王宾卜辞涉及的动词数量多，句式种类复杂，在出组和黄组上呈现出:一，‘明显不同的特点。 总之，祭祀动词很有特点:(1)它们中只有甲类可以直接带原因宾语，不需要用什么介词引导;(2)动词所带的对象宾语为祖先名，不是一般的时人;(3)可直接带牲名宾语，但除了一乙类用牲动词，其他甲、丙两类动词理加上“用”;(4)祭祀的祭者很少出现，等等。臀须 本文运用功能和语义学研究甲骨文语法，是初步的尝试。功能和语义学派强调从语法、语义和语用三个平面研究语言结构，但由于甲骨文祭祀卜辞上下文的缺乏、卜辞语境信息的稀少、当时文化和社会等资料的不足，目前从语用方面对甲骨文语法以及甲骨文祭祀动词结构进行研究，还难以取得预期结果。今后，随着甲骨文数据库的完善，我们可以对不同类别的祭祀动词作更精确的统计、分析、整理;对动词的不同语义论元可作出更细致、更合理的定义和分类。关键词:殷墟甲骨祭祀动词语法形式语义关系更多还原

【Abstract】 The Shang oracle bone inscriptions are the earliest systematic written characters that have survived till today as the historic records of the late Shang Dynasty. They are also the uncovered earliest origin of China’s language, history and culture. By studying the sacrificial language in the oracle bone inscriptions, we can see relatively nore truly the situation of the society at the time. And to study the language, it would be the best way to start with its verbs, which are in large numbers and have their own characteristics. The study of the sacrificial verbs and their related noun phrases, prepositional phrases, and adverbial phrases can help us more comprehensively understand the features of the Shang language. This study is significant not only for the research on the linguistic changes of the late Shang, but also for our study of the Bronze inscriptions of the lestern Zhou and the ancient writings of the Spring-Autumn period. It will also provide direct materials for a deeper and broader study of the history of the Chinese language. Moreover, it can uncover first-hand information for our study of the sacrificial system and religious thinking of the late Shang. Currently the study is relatively weak, and no scholar has made a comprehensive, systematic, qualitative and quantitative study of the sacrificial verbs in oracle bone inscriptions. This dissertation based on the achievements by previous scholars is a comprehensive study of the sacrificial verbs and carries out a deep research on the form and meaning of those verbs according to the principle of combining grammatical structure with senntic analysis.First, this dissertation determines the number of the sacrificial verbs, and, following the principle of combining grammatical structure with semantic analysis, classifies the verbs into four groups. The verbs of Group A can take the object of cause, but not the sacrifice as their object of patient. Groups B, C, and D can not take the object of cause, but can all take the object of beneficiary. Group B can take the object of sacrifice, whereas Group C can not. And Group D verbs follow the association principle of similar position implying similar words and only appear in the Wang-bin structure and can not take the object of beneficiary or sacrifice. Next, this study defines and classifies the verb-object structures. Single verbs can take one, two, or three objects. The meanings of the objects can be cause, beneficiary, patient (sacrifice), tool, location, etc. Oracle bone inscriptions differ from later literature in that, while the two-object structures with a non-sacrificial verb have survived in modern Chinese as the Ji-yu structure, the two-object structures with a sacrificial verb have the meaning of any two out of the three items: (tor some cause), (to somebody), and (use some sacrifice). Moreover, the object-taking ability is different with different groups of verbs. Even verbsfrom the same group may show difference in taking the same kind of object, hence the large difference between the numbers of two-object and three-object structures. This study also attempts to explain the reason for this phenomenon.This study then classifies and analyzes the preverbal adverbial phrases and the post-verbal compleaent phrases. The adverbial phrases before the verb can indicate beneficiary, cause, time, location, or agent, while the post-verbal complements can only indicate beneficiary, time, and location. The structures with more than one adverbial or post-verbal complement are also studied. In general, the phrase of tine is always located relatively far froa the verb, with the beneficiary relatively near the verb, and the cause immediately after the verb.The study goes on to analyze the semantic relations between the verb and its arguments, which are noun phrases and prepositional phrases that have certain semantic relations with the verb. We mainly discuss six types of argument: cause, beneficiary, sacrifice, time, location, and agent, and illustrate their form and their position relative to each other. To support o更多还原