从对峙走向和谐：循环型社会法的形成

【作者】 郑少华；

【导师】 何勤华；

【作者基本信息】 华东政法学院 ， 法律史， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 基于现代社会人与自然关系的高度紧张,源自近代西欧文明的社会模式,已无力回应这一紧张关系,为促进人类社会的可持续发展,循环型社会作为可持续发展模式已在欧、美、日等发达国家初现。作者在已有零星的循环型社会法之研究基础上,以《从对峙走向和谐:循环型社会法的形成》为题,比较系统地研究了循环型社会法在欧、美、日等发达国家的形成问题,以期对循环型社会法的基本机制之形成,有个较好的梳理。《从对峙走向和谐:循环型社会法的形成》一文,共分为八章:第一章 绪论。交待了选题的研究背景和动因、主要研究内容、研究方法与研究意义,并对本文所涉关键词作了说明。第二章 循环型社会:可持续发展观下的社会模式。该章通过对传统工业社会的贸易、生产、消费、城市机制、国家行动等方面的分析,指出传统工业社会模式的不可持续性,然后分析了循环型社会的可持续性——以地区市场为中心强化贸易中的环保义务,以提高资源利用率为中心,以节俭消费为核心,公众参与,促进、规制与合作的国家行动等方面,都确保了循环型社会的可持续性,并介绍了德、日、美等国的循环型社会立法状况。第三章 徘徊在“社会权”与“生态权”间的环境权:循环型社会的权利基础。该章首先论证了环境权变迁所经历的“自由权”、“社会权”、“生态权”三个时代,从而揭示环境权的特质;其次,从人权视角对环境权进行考察,论述第一代、第二代、第三代人权所引申与表述的环境权之特征,并进一步论述了土著民的环境权,指出土著民的环境权对循环型社会参与机制之构造极具价值——以本土参与为核心;最后,描述了可持续发展观下的生态权利谱系——自然的权利、后代人的权利、人类环境权、作为“社会权”和作为“自由权”的环境权、土著民环境权、自然资源物权等构成错落有致、相互协调的权利谱系,成为循环型社会的权利基础。第四章 社会连带责任的凸现:循环型社会的责任机制源变。描述了环境法领域中的连带责任——社会责任之归责原则、自己责任的社会化、证明责任的“客观化”都隐含了连带责任;复合污染共同侵权行为、企业污染损害赔偿基金与责任保险制度、社会安全体制,国家的连带责任、非政府组织(NGOs)的兴起,都凸显了连带责任的发达;接着,探讨了连带责任形成的原因——不确定性之克服、对正义<WP=4>观的反映、对“污染者负责”之校正,并分析了连带责任在环境法上的不足——分配机制不合理和保护环境之目的难以完全实现;最后,对循环型社会责任机制进行探索,调和社会连带责任——个别责任与连带责任、法定的连带责任与自愿的连带责任、扩大生产者责任与连带责任,使生产者、消费者、公众、国家(政府)间形成合理的既独立又连带的责任分配机制。第五章 企业责任扩大与企业多样化:循环型社会的生产与贸易机制定位。首先,论述企业法定责任之加重趋势——从严格责任之运用、因果关系的证明责任之转移、公害行为的刑罚化与赔偿之巨额化等角度,说明了“法定责任之加重”将成为循环型社会建立的“大棒”政策;其次,论述了公司的社会责任兴起——利益相关者说、道德审计与环境审计、环境信息披露等,其成为循环型社会生产与贸易机制确立的“胡萝卜”政策;最后,论证了企业多样化——特别是中小企业兴起、合作社复兴成为循环型社会生产与贸易机制形成的结构性因素。第六章 消费者绿化:循环型社会消费机制之展开。首先,借桑巴特与韦伯之争,描述了绿色消费者运动在西方世界的兴起,阐述了消费者运动与环保运动交汇所带来的制度创新;其次,通过对包装规则、再循环规则、各类标识规则、环境标志之确立的论述,说明了循环型社会法律与政策必须通过消费者实施环境法规制。第七章 公众参与:循环型社会参与机制之确立。首先,论证了NGOs在国内环境法中三个重要角色——立法者、看家狗与吹哨者、私人检察官;其次分析了在全球化下公众参与机制的特点,阐明了NGOs在全球治理结构中的特殊作用——推动国际环保协调机制的形成——WTO、NAFTA、世界银行、联合国以及其它协调行为,并简要描述了公众参与机制下国家行动之特色。第八章 中国循环型社会法形成的可能——代结语。首先分析了循环型社会法的要件,分为实质要件与形式要件。前者包括健全的环境权利系统与法律责任机制,生产者责任扩张与企业多样化、消费者行为绿化、公众参与机制之发达;后者包括基本法的颁布与法体系的形成。然后,指出中国目前尚不具备实质要件,因此,中国法的真正态度应该是在逐渐完善循环型社会法形式要件过程中,通过长期而且是十分艰苦的努力,逐渐形成循环型社会法的实质要件。更多还原

【Abstract】 There are eight chapters in From Confrontation to Harmony: the Formation of the Cyclic Social Law.Chapter 1 Preface: The background, incentive, content, method and meaning of the research in this paper are introduced in this chapter. The key words and their relations are involved.Chapter 2 Cyclic society: the model suitable to the view of sustained development. I point the non-sustain of the traditional industry society through analyzing the trade, production, consumption, city mechanism and country deed in traditional industry society. Then the sustain of the cyclic society is analyzed, which is guaranteed by the following facets: to strengthen the environmental protection focused on area market, to focus on improving the resource rate of utilization, to consume frugally, public attendance and to promote, regulate and corporate country. At last, the situation of legislation of cyclic social law in German, Japan and the United States are introduced.Chapter 3 Environmental right situated between social right and ecological right: the basis of the rights in cyclic society. First, “free right”, “social right” and “ecologic right” these three arguments that environmental right has involved is demonstrated to show the character of the environmental right. Secondly, by investigating the environment in the view of human rights, I discuss the features of the environment that are demonstrated by the first, the second and the third views of human rights. In a further, the original inhabitants’ environmental rights are discussed. I point that their environmental right is very significant to form the attendance mechanism in a cyclic society, i.e. native attendance is the core. Thirdly, I display the ecological rights system in the view of sustained development. The system consists of nature’s right, later ages’ right, human environmental right, the environmental right being as “social right”, the environmental right being as “free right”, original inhabitants’ environmental right and natural resource. The harmonized system becomes the rights basis of the cyclic society.Chapter 4 Appearance of the social joint liability: change of the liability mechanism in a cyclic society. At first, the joint liability is discussed, which is included in the doctrine of liability fixation of social liability, socialization of own <WP=6>liability and the objectivity of proof liability. The flourishing of the joint liability is showed by many factors, such as contributory infringement conduction of compound pollution, damages funds for enterprise pollution and liability insurance system, social safety system, country’s joint liability, the rise of NGOs. Secondly, the reasons for the formation of the joint liability are stated. The reasons are the overcome of uncertainty, the reflection of justice and rectification of “who pollutes is responsible for the pollution”. I also analyzed the defect of the joint liability in environmental law, which is that the distribution mechanism is not reasonable. Lastly, I probe into the liability mechanism in a cyclic society. I coordinate the conflict of different joint liability to form the reasonable responsibility appointment mechanism that is not only independent but joint and several among producers, consumers, the public and country (government). The conflict exists between several liability and joint liability, legal joint liability and voluntary joint liability, expanding producer liability and joint liability.Chapter 5 The expansion of enterprise’s responsibility and the diversification of enterprise: the position of the mechanism of production and trade in a cyclic society. Firstly, I discuss the intensified trend of legal enterprise’s responsibility. I illustrate that “the intensification of legal responsibility” will be the “stick policy” for the building of the cyclic society in the angle of usage of strict liability, the transfer of proof responsibility for causal relation, crimied public mischief and huge damages. Secondly, the rise of enterprise’s social respon更多还原