【作者】 乌丽雅斯；

【导师】 刘勇；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 森林培育， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 为解决苗木培育与造林相脱节的问题，本文首次提出了苗木定向培育的概念。苗木定向培育，是根据造林地立地条件主要限制因子对苗木的要求，在苗木培育过程中采取相应调控技术措施，使苗木在形态、生理及活力等方面满足造林需要，做到适地适树造林。我们以困难立地条件下造林用苗为目标，阐述了苗木定向培育技术体系，通过不同的育苗技术措施，如抗性基因与种源选择、林木种子处理技术、苗木抗逆性调控技术、苗木活力保护技术与管理技术等措施，为做到适地适苗造林提供了理论依据。 根据苗木定向培育理论，本文以欧美杨雄性不育系与美国红栌组培苗为研究材料，设计了多种基质配方，进行了移栽基质试验、苗木抗性调节剂、炼苗试验及施肥试验的研究。 通过对于欧美杨雄性不育系组培苗移栽基质的研究表明，东北草炭混合蛭石、纯东北草炭、东北草炭与珍珠岩和磷酸二铵按照一定比例混合再配上商用NRS肥，这三者效果较好；添加蛭石的效果明显好于珍珠岩，促进了苗木生长；通过对各基质理化性质进行分析，表现较好的基质的最大持水量较大，容重较小，颗粒以1-2mm为主，小于1mm的很少，几乎没有小于0.07mm的。化学性质测定结果表明，酸性环境有助于欧美杨雄性不育系苗木生长，pH值适宜的范围是3.50—5.65，基质适宜速效氮含量为969.7mg／kg—2492.6mg／kg，适宜的速效磷含量为65.6mg／kg—486.9mg／kg，速效钾适宜的含量为174.2mg／kg—1386.0mg／kg；芬兰草炭水溶性硼的含量较高，适宜的范围为0.9mg／kg—4.5mg／kg。 通过对17种不同基质上生长的美国红栌组培苗生长指标、生理指标、抗性指标以及基质理化性质进行测定和分析，筛选出了具有苗圃生产意义的育苗基质，移植基质的试验研究表明，基质以国产草炭+珍珠岩+蛭石(1：1：1)、国产草炭+芬兰草炭+蛭石(1：2：2)的苗木生长好、抗逆性强。 通过对基质理化性质分析，适宜的容重范围在0.13g／cm~3-0.47g／cm~3之间，比重为1.26-2.81之间，总孔隙度在80.5％-92％之间，田间持水量在117.2％-513％之间；红栌苗木适合于酸性环境生长，适宜的pH值范围在4.5-5.95之间。以苗木生长好的基质为标准，全氮含量在0.61％-1.05％间最好，即全氮含量越大越有利于红栌苗木的生长，速效磷含量在50.67mg／kg-285.12mg／kg间苗木生长更好，速效钾含量在430mg／kg-1660mg／kg间，对苗木生长促进作用效果更好。微量元素对红栌苗木生长有一定的促进作用，芬兰草炭含量都高于国产草炭，尤其有效铁含量和水溶性硼对苗木生长影响较大。 通过对红栌组培苗的炼苗时间试验研究结果表明，以炼苗8天—12天最为适宜。移栽成活率较高，苗木生长也较好。 为研究苗木抗性调节剂对苗木生长和抗性的影响，采用不同植物生长调节剂配制24种调节剂。通过对苗木生长指标、生理指标及抗性指标的测定和分析，得出吲哚丁酸+多效唑为3：1的50mg／kg、100mg／kg，萘乙酸+吲哚丁酸+多效唑为3：1：1的50mg／kg、100mg／kg摘要最好。结果表明，施用苗木抗性调节剂可明显矮化苗木，使苗木根系发达，茎根比小，显著增强苗木抗性。 红护组培苗施肥试验的研究，通过对苗高、地径、鲜重、干重、茎根比不同指标的测定和分析，试验结果表明，除施肥对苗高影响有显著差异外，对地径、鲜重、干重及茎根比都无显著差异，因此，我们认为如果采用芬兰草炭做基质，施肥意义不大。 本论文将苗木抗逆性的研究与育苗措施紧密结合起来，为生产上选择有效控制苗木描芝性的培育技术，提出苗木定向培育理论和苗木抗性调控技术，对于自然条件恶劣的地区造林提高造林成活率，加快植被恢复具有重要意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to address the issue of disconnection between seedling cultivation and forestation,the author first puts forwards the concept of directed cultivation of seedlings. The directed seedling cultivation is to use required control technologies to allow the seedlings to meet the forestation requirement in terms of mosphology , physiology and viability so that forestation can be conducted in line with the site condition and seedling type. Targeted on seedlings used under difficult planting site conditions, the article elaborated on a series of modification and control technologies for directed seedling cultivation, including various technological measures taken during the seedling cultivating stage, such as resistant gene and selection of varieties, tree seeds processing technology, seedling resistance modification and control technology, and seedling viability protection and management. It provides theoretical basis for directed and high quality seedlings, and for matching stock to site.Based on the theory of directed seedling cultivation, this article selected Populus euramericana (Dode) Guineird and Purpureus tissue culture seedlings as the material and designed several substrates formula. Studies have been carried out on test of growing substrates, seedling resistance regulator, seedling nurturing, and fertilizer treatment.Depending on the production state of the North National Seed and Seedling Demonstration Base, The results showed that Poplar seedling growth was excellent for the peat moss from northeast of China + vermicukte, the pure peat moss from China, the peat moss from northeast+ammonium fertilizer + NRS fertilizer. They were nearly as good as the Finland peat moss. The Finland peat moss showed the best. Perlite showed bad effects. Vermiculite showed better effect and greatly promoted the growth of the seedlings. The physical and chemical of these substrates have been analyzed, the results showed that the value of maximum water absorbing rate of those good substrates was high and the substrate weight was low. Their particles were mainly in 1 -2 mm diameter and only a few of them less than 1 mm. Suitable pH vable was 3.50-5.65 and that showed the acid environment was suitable to seedling growth. .The suitable content of quick result nitrogen was 969.6mg/kg~2492.6mg/kg and phosphorus as 65.5mg/kg~486.9mg/kg. The content of quick result potassium of Finland peat moss was much higher than that of national peat moss, and the suitable value was 174.2mg/kg~1386.0mg/kg. The content of quick result boron of Finland peat moss wasmuch higher than the national’s .The suitable value was 0.9mg/kg~4.5mg/kg.Through test and analysis of the growth indicators, physiology indicators, resistance indicators, and physicochemical characteristics of the Purpureus tissue culture seedlings growing on 17 different substrates, seedling growing substrates suitable for nursery production were selected. The result of the test indicates. The results showed that seedling growth was excellent for domestic peat moss +perlite+ vermiculite (1:1:1), domestic peat moss + Finish peat moss +vermiculite (1:2:2) with strong resistance.Based on the analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of the substrates , The suitable value of the substrate weight was 0. 13g/cm3-0. 47g/cm3, gravity of 1.26-2.81. total gap 80.5%-92%. field water absorbing rate of 117.2%-513%.Purpureus seedlings are suitable for acid environment. Suitable pH value of was 4.5-5.95.Using substrates good for seedling growth as standard, total N content is the best between 0.61-1.05%, quick result phosphorus between 50.67mg/kg-285.12mg/kg and quick result potassium between 430mg/kg-1660mg/kg, the better the substrates promote the seedling growth. ? trace element can promote the growth of the the Purpureus tissue culture seedlings, Trace elements can promote the growth of Purpureus seedlings and the rare elements content in the Finish peat moss is higher than domestic peat moss .especially the effective iron content and the quick result B content have signif更多还原