节点文献
刺鳅性染色体的显微分离和X涂绘文库的研究
Microdissection of the Sex Chromosomes in the Spiny Eel (Mastacembelus aculeatus) and the Studies on Its X Chromosome Library
【作者】 刘江东;
【导师】 余其兴;
【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 , 遗传学, 2003, 博士
【摘要】 全世界现存鱼类约有24000余种,是脊椎动物之中分布最广,种类最多的类群,具有多种多样的生物学特性和重大的经济价值。在脊椎动物的系统进化阶元中,有着长久的进化历史和众多的演化分支,居承前启后的特殊进化地位,因而成为研究脊椎动物的性别决定和性染色体分化的重要研究对象。 在进行过细胞遗传学研究的鱼类中,绝大部分没有发现异形性染色体,然而通过核型分析、染色体显带、联会复合体观察和比较基因组杂交等方法,发现在少部分鱼类中确实存在有异形分化的性染色体,并且分化程度高低不等,性别决定方式多种多样。这些物种的性染色体有可能代表了脊椎动物性染色体的分化过程,因此,对于鱼类性染色体的研究,将会为脊椎动物性染色体进化过程的探索提供重要的资料和线索。 染色体显微分离是80年代兴起的一项生物体微量遗传物质直接分离和扩增的技术,目前已经发展成为遗传学和分子细胞遗传学常用的分析手段,广泛应用于遗传学、进化和医学等研究领域,并取得了瞩目的成就。在性染色体研究方面,相继在植物、昆虫、鸟类和哺乳动物中成功建立了性染色体文库,结合染色体荧光原位杂交等技术,对上述生物性染色体的研究提供了丰富的材料。但是由于鱼类的染色体具有数目多、螺旋化程度高、难于实现高分辨显带等特点,因而限制了该技术在鱼类细胞遗传学方面的应用,目前国内外关于鱼类性染色体显微分离的报道极少,在该领域国内尚无先例。 刺鳅(Mastacembelus aculeatus),属鲈形目、刺鳅科(Perciformes,Mastacembelidae),是广泛分布于中国南方的小型淡水鱼类。1998年,我室通过核型分析,首次发现该物种具有明显分化的异形性染色体,其性别决定类型为XX/XY型。1999年,本室通过染色体显带、精母细胞联会复合体观察,再次确认刺鳅染色体组中最大的一对中部着丝粒染色体为X、Y性染色体,两者不仅已经出现结构异染色质分布上的不同,同时在外部形态上也存在明显差异,识别特征鲜明,在光镜观察下无需显带即能清晰辨认性染色体。由此可见,刺鳅的性染色体无疑是鱼类性染色体显微分离研究理想实验材料和研究对象。因此,本研究利用显微分离技术,对刺鳅的性染色体实现了显微分离并建立了X染色体涂绘文库。利用该文库探针,对刺鳅的性染色体和另外两个妒形目近缘物种的染色体组进行了染色体涂绘分析,从而对刺鳅X、Y染色体之间的同源性、分化机理以及刺鳅X染色体保守同线群在两个鱼种染色体上的分布进行了分子细胞遗传学研究。此外,本研究以刺鳅X文库为研究对象,对性染色体特有高度重复序列进行了筛选并获得了该类序列片段的克隆。 首先,在倒置显微镜下,利用显微玻璃针成功分离了刺鳅的整条X性染色体。将收集到的染色体进行消化预处理后,通过两轮兼并引物PCR (De罗nerate Oligonueleotide一primered pcR,Dop一pCR),对染色体DNA实现了体外扩增。电泳结果表明,扩增产生的片段大小在200一80obP之间,平均soobp左右,没有特异扩增的现象。 利用T-Easy vecto产M载体系统和电击转化法,以大肠杆菌为宿主菌,对刺鳅X染色体DOP一PCR产物DNA进行了克隆并构建了相应的性染色体涂绘文库。通过文库探针对刺鳅基因组DNA的Southem杂交分析和雌性刺鳅有丝分裂中期染色体的反向涂绘分析,证明该文库来源于刺鳅基因组,并对其X染色体具有涂绘特异性。统计计算结果表明,平均每条染色体产生了大约2.16xl05个重组克隆,平均插入片段约soobP,该文库对x染色体DNA覆盖程度在98%以上,能够代表刺鳅的X染色体的DNA序列。 为探索刺鳅的X、丫染色体间的同源性,本研究利用生物素标记的X染色体文库探针对雌、雄性刺鳅的有丝分裂中期染色体进行了抑制性荧光原位杂交涂绘分析。结果显示,X、Y染色体上都出现了较多的杂交信号,说明两者间具有较高的同源性。所有X染色体上的信号是一致的,而X、Y染色体上的信号分布则彼此不同。X、Y染色体上的杂交信号区域均集中于异染色质区,信号分布模式同X、Y上异染色质分布模式完全吻合。由此我们可 以确认,X、Y染色体的异染色质是同源的。根据X、Y染色体上同源片段 的分布的相似和相异,我们对刺鳅性染色体的分化历程进行了推测,即:刺鳅的性染色体起源于一对原始的同源染色体,通过原Y染色体上的一个明显 的臂间倒位,以及染色体末端的异染色质成分的扩增,导致原始Y染色体与 X染色体在染色体结构上的分化,从而抑制了X、Y性染色体之间的遗传物 质的重组交换,为性染色体的稳定遗传奠定了基础。另外,从刺鳅的X、Y上结构异染色质的相似分布来看,在性染色体进化过程中,异染色质化发生的时间应该早于臂间倒位。 脂科鱼种级鱼(SiniPerca chuatsi)和嫂科鱼种乌鳍(Channa argus)都是妒形目的物种,具有较高的经济价值,是同刺鳅近缘的常见淡水鱼类,目前尚无有关两个物种的性染色体的报道。当以刺鳅的生物素标记X文库探针对鳅鱼和乌嫂的有丝分裂染色体进行染色体涂绘后,经过核型分析和统计分析表明,在这两种鱼的染色体上的杂交信号分布是不同的:在乌鳍中,除散在信号?
【Abstract】 There are about 24,000 kinds of fish all over the world. Being the largest class of vertebrate animals, fish show variable biological characters and productive importance. Owning a long procedures and lots of streams of evolution, fish stand the specific situation and become ideal material to research the sex determination and differentiation of sex chromosomes of vertebrates.Among the fish which were cytogenetically studied, most of them do not possess any morphologically differentiated sex chromosomes. On the other hand, karyotypic analysis, chromosome binding, synaptonemal complex (SC) observation and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) show in few fish species, that there exist sex chromosomes which differentiated at different levels and types. These sex chromosomes may represent the evolutional procedure of vertebrates. Therefore, the research on the fish sex chromosomes will supply important background knowledge for the exploration on the sex chromosomes evolutional history of higher vertebrates.Microdissection was brought in 80s of last century as a technique of microisolation of genetic material, and now become a normal analysis method in genetics and molecular cytogenetics, which successfully applying to genetic, evolutional and medicinal fields. Focusing on the sex chromosomes research and combined with FISH technique, a great deal of sex chromosomes libraries of plants, insects, birds and mammals were set up and gave lot of research clues. But because of the small size, high helix structure and difficultly banding of fish chromosomes, the application of microdissection was limited in fish species. Concerning microdissection on fish chromosome, few foreign reports exist and none is found in China.The spiny eel (Mastacembelus aculeatus), belonging to Perciformes, Osteichthyes, is a kind of little freshwater fish distributed in Southern China. In 1998, Our lab detected XX/XY differentiated sex chromosomes in this specie withkaryotypic analysis, and then with chromosomal binding and SC observation,we identified that its two largest metacentric chromosomes were X, Y sex chromosomes in 1999. X, Y chromosomes differ each other not only in the distribution of heterochromatin but also in their shapes, which make them could be recognized directly under the light-microscope without any banding treatment. Therefore, the sex chromosomes of spiny eel are ideal material for microdissection experiments. In present study, we microisolated several X chromosomes of spiny eel and constructed a X chromosome library. To investigate the homologue and differentiation of X and Y chromosomes of spiny eel, and to search their syntenies in other fish species, chromosomes paintings were carried out using the library probes. Furthermore, sex chromosomes specific highly repetitive sequence DNA clones of spiny eel were screened from the library too.Firstly, several whole X chromosomes were microdissected with microneedles under invert microscopy. The chromosomes were pretreated and then amplified by two rounds of DOP-PCR. The products showed a smear of DNA ranging from 200 to b800p, averaging 500bp, no emphasis amplification was detected.With T-Easy Vector?vector, electric transformation and E. coll bacterial, the sex chromosome library was constructed after the products of DOP-PCR were cloned. The library was proved to be specific to X chromosomes of spiny eel with Southern blot and FISH analysis. Every X chromosome producted about 2. 16 X 105 recombinant clones, with averaging inset fragments of 500bp, so the library included more than 98% DNA sequences of the spiny eel’s X chromosome and could represent it well in FISH analysis too.To investigate the homologue between X and Y chromosomes of spiny eel, competitive FISH was performed on metaphase chromosomes of male and female individuals using the library probes. The similar hybridization signals indicated that X and Y chromosomes were homologous greatly. All the signals on X chromosomes are the same but different with those on Y. Moreover, all the signals on X a
【Key words】 microdissection(microisolation); sex chromosomes; chromosome painting; repetitive sequence DNA; Sox genes;