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遗传性对称性色素异常症基因精细定位和ADAR基因突变检测

Refined Localization of Dyschromatosis Symmetri Hereditaria Gene to a 9.4-cM Region at lq21-q22 and Mutation Detection of ADAR Gene

【作者】 何平平

【导师】 张学军; 杨森; 黄薇;

【作者基本信息】 安徽医科大学 , 皮肤病与性病学, 2004, 博士

【摘要】 遗传性对称性色素异常症(DGH,OMIM#127400)是一种以肢端对称分布色素沉着和色素减退斑为特怔的常染色体显性遗传病,婴儿期或儿童期发病,在亚洲人中较常见。先前全基因组扫描研究已将DSH致病基因定位在染色体1q11-q21上约11.6cM染色体区域内,这个区域内大约有400个基因,如在该区域内直接进行候选基因突变筛查,则是相当困难。为了将该病的致病基因进一步缩小在染色体上更窄的范围内,使基因克隆变得易行,本研究用覆盖染色体1q11-q21更为密集的微卫星多态标记进行精细定位研究,当我们在精细定位的区域(9.4cM)内进行候选基因突变筛查过程中,日本学者发现RNA特异性腺苷脱氨酶基因(ADAR,OMIM#601059)是DGH致病基因,因此我们收集多个遗传性对称性色素异常症家系和单发病例直接进行ADAR基因突变检测,以期发现新的致病突变,建立ADAR基因的突变谱,为阐明遗传性对称性色素异常症的分子发病机制、产前遗传咨询、基因诊断和基因治疗奠定了基础。 目的 (1)精细定位遗传性对称性色素异常症致病基因,将其进一步缩小在染色体上更窄的范围内。(2)发现导致遗传性对称性色素异常症的ADAR基因新突变,建立ADAR基因的突变谱,分析基因型与表型之间是否相关。(3)分析中国人遗传性对称性色素异常症的临床表现和遗传特点。 方法 (1)用覆盖染色体1q11-q21区域14个加密的微卫星多态标记对两个中国汉族遗传性对称性色素异常症家系成员进行基因分型,用linkage软件对基因分型结果进行两点参数连锁分析,用Cyrillic软件进行单倍型构建,确定定位区域的上下界。(2)用直接测序的方法对6个遗传性对称性色素异常症家系成员和2个散发病例进行ADAR基因的突变检测,并比较基因型与表型之间的相关。(3)安徽医科大学博士学位论文通过中国生物医学光盘CBM,对1980年以来在中国报道的遗传性对称性色素异常症病例进行检索,分析它们的临床和遗传特点。结果(1)在微卫星标一记DISSO6处,得到最大的LOD值为3.68(重组率a二O),相邻的微卫星标一记DIS2715、DIS2777、DIS3O3在重组率O二O时,LOD值大于3。(2)单倍型分析将DS卜l基因位点限定在DISZ343不r]DIS2635之间9.4CM的区域内。(3)在6个DSH家系和2个单发病例中共测出ADAR基因的7个新突变:c,24332434de1AG(Tsllfs一 84lX),e.2197G>T(E733X),e.3286C>T(RIO96X),e .2897G)T(C966F),c.2797C)T(Q933X),e.2375de1T(1792fs792X),c.3203一ZA>G仃VS12一2A>G)。在家系工中的所有患者中均发现有e.24332434de一AG(TS一fs84一x)移码突变,即在2433和2434的碱基位置缺失AG,造成在下游841氨基酸位置处形成终止密码,家系中所有正常人没有该突变。在单发病例1中发现有c.2375delT(L792fS一792x)移码突变,即在2375的碱基位置缺失T,导致792氨基酸位置处形成终止密码,在其健康父母及妹妹中未能发现该突变。这两个突变均位于外显子7内,导致核昔酸移码和提前形成终止密码,从而造成合成的肤链缩短,蛋白质没有功能活性。在家系H中,发现有C2197G>T(E733X)突变,即在核营酸 2197处G变成T,导致原先的733谷氨酸位置处形成终止密码,该突变可导致合成的肚链缺少494个氨基酸,缺失的部分对应蛋白质的双链RNA结合模序(DSRM)的一部分和tRNA特异性及双链RNA腺昔脱氨酶区(ADEAMe)。在家系工I工与家系IV的患者中均发现有e.3286C>T(RIO96X)突变,即在3286碱基的位置C变成T,一导致原先1096精氨酸处形成终止密码,预测蛋白缺少131个氨基酸,缺失的部分对应蛋白质的ADEAMC区域。在家系VI中,发现有c.2797C>T(Q933x)突变,即在2797碱基的位置C变成T,导致原先933谷氨酸处形成终止密码,该突变也对应于蛋白质的ADEAMC区域,其预测蛋白缺少294个氨基酸。所有家系V的患者均携带C.2897G>rr(C966F)的错义突变,即在2897碱基的位置呀变成‘f,这个突变导致966氨基酸位置的一个高度保守的半肤氨酸被苯丙氨酸替换,该突变位点位于ADAR基因的第11外显子,对应于蛋安徽医科大学博士学位论文白质的ADEAMC区域。我们在家系中的正常人和100个无亲缘的正常人中未发现这一突变,证明这是一个致病突变而不是单核营酸多态性(SNP)。单发病例2,该患者无阳性家族史,在该患者中发现有c.3203一ZA>G(工VS12一ZA>G)突变,一该突变发生内含子12和外显子招的交界处,即在碱基3艺03位置上游第一个碱基处,A变成G,该突变改变了内含子12的正常剪接受体序列,以致阻止了转录本的正确的剪接。在100例无亲缘关系的对照未发现此改变,证明这也是一个致病突变而不是一个SNP。我们分析了这六个家系患者和2个单发病例所有患者的临床特征,并将我们检测到的突变与其进行了比较。在家系工,工I丁,Iv,v和vl中,一部分患者只在肢端有色素沉着和色素减退斑,而另一部分患者不仅在肢端,而且在.胸部、颈部或颜面部(雀斑)有皮损。家系H中的患者和2例单发病例皮损仅分布在肢端。尽管DSH通常在婴儿或儿童时期发病,这些患者的发病年龄也不完全相同。即使在同一家系患者中,由同一突变也可导致不同患者的皮损分布不同,发病年龄也有差异。因此未能发?

【Abstract】 Background Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH, 0MIM#127400) is an autosomal dominant pigmentary genodermatosis characterized by hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules of on the extremities. The disorder appears in infancy or early childhood and the skin lesions commonly stop spreading before adolescence and last for life. It predominantly occurs in Asian. Our group performed a genome-wide search in two large Chinese families with DSH and firstly mapped the chromosome location to an 11.6-cM region at Iq11-q21. To facilitate the identification of DSH gene we performed refined mapping of DSH locus. When we are on the way to clone the DSH gene, Miyamura et al. identified the RNA-Specific Adenosine Deaminase Gene (ADAR, OMIM#601059) responsible for DSH among Japanese families recently. Therefore we directly performed mutation detection of the ADAR gene in 6 Chinese families and 2 sporadic cases with DSH by sequencing.Objective (1) to refine the previously mapped region that facilitates the identification of DSH gene (2) to identify the spectrum of mutations in ADAR and verify if genotype-phenotype correlations could be established (3) to delineate the clinical and genetic features of Chinese DSH cases by a literature review of 136 cases reported in ChinaMethod (1) All available individuals from two multi-generation families were genotyped with 14 polymorphic microsatellite markers from Iq11-q21. Two-point linkage analysis was performed with Linkage programs version 5.10. Haplotypes wereconstructed with Cyrillic Version 2.02 software. (2) We designed primers flanking all 15 coding exons and intron-exon boundaries of the ADAR gene using the web-based version of the Primer 3.0 program, then sequence the ADAR gene in 6 Chinese Families and 2 Sporadic Patients with DSH. (3) We searched for case reports and papers about DSH since 1980 by Chinese Biology Medicine (CBM) disc and PubMed. The genetic and clinical features of DSH in China were summarized.Results: (1) A cumulative maximum two-point lod score of 3.68 was produced with marker D1S506 at a recombination frequency of 9=0.00 in two DSH families. Haplotype analysis refined DSH locus to a 9.4-cM interval flanked by D1S2343 and D1S2635. LOD scores greater than 3 were also observed at the neighboring markers D1S2715, D1S2777 and DlS303.(2)Haplotype analysis refined DSH locus to a 9.4-cM interval flanked by D1S2343 and D1S2635. (3)Seven novel heterozygous mutations of ADAR were identified in 6 Chinese Families and 2 Sporadic Patients WITH DSH, which were c.24332434delAG (T811fs-841X), c.2197G>T (E733X), C.3286OT (R1096X), c.2897G>T (C966F), C.2797OT (Q933X), c.2375delT (L792fs-792X) and c.3203-2A>G (IVS12-2A>G) respectively. The c.24332434delAG (p.T811fs) mutation was found in all patients but not in the healthy individuals from Family 1. The c.2375delT (p.L792fs) was found in sporadic patient 1 but not in his healthy parents and a healthy sister. These two mutations lead to frameshift and premature translation termination within exon 7. The truncated proteins with no functional activity would be synthesized from the gene with these two frameshift mutations. The c.2197G>T (p.E733X) mutation was identified in the Family 2. The predicted protein lacks 494 amid acids, including part of the double-stranded RNA binding motif (DSRM) and tRNA-specific and double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase (ADEAMc) domains. The c.3286C>T (p.R1096X) was carried by all patients from both Family 3 and Family 4. The predicted protein lacks 131 amid acids, which are part of the ADEAMc domain.The c.2797C>T (p.Q933X) mutation in Family 6 is also located in the putative deaminase domain and the predicted protein lacks 294 amid acids. The missense c.2897G>T (p.C966F) mutation in exon 11 was found in Family 5. This mutation replaces a highly conserved cysteine residue with phenylalanine. The amino acid residue at 966 in exon 11 is located in the putative deaminase domain. This mutation was not detected in the 100 unrelated, population-match control ind

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