【作者】 孙海峰；

【导师】 王喜军；

【作者基本信息】 黑龙江中医药大学 ， 中药学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 本研究在总结前人研究基础上，对黑龙江发生的龙胆斑枯病病原进行了研究，探讨了龙胆斑枯病的发病规律；并以药用部位的重量和龙胆有效成分含量为指标研究探索了病害对产量和质量影响；从农业措施、土壤处理、种苗处理、化学农药防治和中药防治等角度建立了有效防治措施，研究了上述措施对龙胆产量、质量的影响，从而阐明了龙胆斑病的发生、防治与产量及质量的相关性，提出了该病有效调方案。 首先，本实验确定了引起龙胆斑枯病的病原。从症状、病原菌形态及接种试验证明，引起龙胆斑枯病的病原菌为Septoria microspora Speg.和Septoria gentianae Th（?）m.,且以S.microspora Speg.致病力最强，为害大。在田间两种病原菌往往同时交叉侵染。 对龙胆斑枯病的发病与栽培因子的关系进行了研究，采用分级计数法调查龙胆种苗等级、移栽密度、移栽时间、前茬作物、遮荫、龙胆品种与龙胆发病关系。结果表明，以一级、二级龙胆种苗作种栽的龙胆发病轻；较高的栽培密度、与高杆作物间作，龙胆斑枯病较轻：在秋季移栽龙胆，斑枯病发生较春栽轻；龙胆不同品种之间抗病性存在明显差异，以条叶龙胆发病轻；龙胆连作，斑枯病会越来越重，以前茬作物为玉米的地块发病比前作为龙胆的地块轻。 研究了龙胆斑枯病对龙胆产量和质量影响，测定了药材产量及有效成分的损失，建立了龙胆药材产量损失模型，给出了防治指标计算公式。 龙胆斑枯病对龙胆产量的影响研究表明，龙胆斑枯病会造成产量下降。而这种下降在病情较轻和病害发生初期并不明显，只有到病情严重时才表现的较为明显，对药材产量造成较大损失。通过不同曲线的拟合分析，建立了黑龙江省龙胆斑枯病产量损失估测模型，以逻辑斯谪模型最优。模型为： L=（123.24）╱(1+82.74e^-0.04171d)黑龙江中医药大学博!:学位论文 （L一产量损失率，d一病情指数，相关比为:二0.8392，标准差s二10.5，损失率的极限值K=54.11%）该模型经检验，相关显著。并由此导出了相应的防治指标的计算公式:dET二一I。（l兰里竺生型竺）20.04一71一MRI·o 82.74砰 （心:一以病情指数为指标的防治指标;w一所需防治费用;P一药材单价;V一期望产量;M一控制病害所需时间;R一病害发展速率;Q一防治效果） 龙胆斑枯病对有效成分含量影响研究表明，璋牙菜苦昔含量与病情之间无明显规律性，龙胆苦普含量随病情指数增加而呈现下降趋势，病情较轻时，龙胆苦昔成分含量下降并不明显，当病情较重时，随病情加重龙胆苦昔含量显著下降。 龙胆苦营成分损失量计一算表明，龙胆苦二营产量损失率和龙胆苦营产量损失随病情而显著增加，龙胆苦营产量损失率和产量损失在病情指数小于50时变化不大，当病情指数大于50时龙胆苦营产量损失率和损失量均快速增加。综合考虑，在龙胆生产过程中把龙胆斑枯病病情指数控制在50以下，就不会造成较大损失。 农业防治措施对龙胆斑枯病的防治效果以及对龙胆产量和质量的影响，采用秋季移栽，选用优良种（一级种苗），轮作，较高的栽培密度（125株/m，）能有效防治龙胆斑枯病，并可以提高龙胆产量和质量。 研究了药剂处理土壤防治龙胆斑枯病及0其它苗期病害。试验了五种低毒农药不同浓度处理土壤，通过对不同处理保苗数、苗床上形成的缺苗面积大小以及经济性综合评价，土壤药剂处理防治龙胆苗期病害最好为多菌灵500倍液，其次为多菌灵600倍液、多菌灵700倍液、百菌清500倍液、百菌清600倍液，其保苗数大于5000株/mZ，保苗数达到生产要求。 种苗药剂处理防治龙胆斑枯病结果表明，不同的药剂处理种苗均有一定的防治效果，以甲基托布津600倍液效果最佳，其防黑龙江中医药大学博士学位论文治效果达到78.8%，其次为甲基托布津700倍液，灰霉净1000倍液。种苗比较集中，处理容易，可收到较好的防治效果。 田间施不同农药防治龙胆斑病的结果表明，以百菌清、甲基托布津、杀毒矾、代森锰锌、多硫可湿性粉剂进行田间施药防治。结果表明，以百菌清500倍液防治效果最佳，其次甲基托布津500倍液、杀毒矾500倍液防治效果亦较好。 施用不同农药对龙胆质量的影响实验结果表明，施用不同农药龙胆有效成分含量不同，其中施用百菌清的龙胆其龙胆苦昔含量和璋牙菜苦昔含量最高，其次为甲基托布津、杀毒矾、代森锰锌、多硫粉剂的处理，其龙胆苦昔成分均高于对照，而用百抗处理和多抗霉素处理其龙胆苦营含量略低于对照。 中药防治龙胆斑枯病室内药效试验表明，9种中药乙醇提取物对龙胆斑枯病病菌（sePtoria microsPoro Speg.）均有不同程度的抑制作用，培养14d最低抑菌浓度小于0.Zg/ml有川棣子、蛇床子、白鲜皮、知母、大风子，培养14d最低抑菌浓度小于0.lg/ml有川株子、蛇床子、知母，这三种中药均能杀死真菌，川棣子、蛇床子、知母乙醇提取物有较强抗龙胆斑枯病菌（SePtoriamicro印ora Speg.）作用。 对川棣子、蛇床子、白鲜皮乙醇提取物进行了田间药效试验，以70%甲基托布津为对照，三种中药提取物均有一定的防治效果，其中以蛇床子更多还原

【Abstract】 The auther studied the Septoria microspra Speg.and the occurence rules of gentian leaf blight and also investigated the effect of gentian leaf blight on the output and quality of gentian by taking the weight of root and the content of efficient component of gentian as the index and established the effective controlling measures on agricultral measures,soil treatment ,seedling treatment, germicides control and traditional Chinese medicines control and the studies on the effect of these measures on the output and quality of gentian.had been carried out either.First, this experiment proved that the gentian leaf blight was caused by Septoria microspra Speg.and Septoria gentianae Thum.In this paper, the relation of the occurence of gentian leaf blight and cultivating factors had been studied .The method of graded counting had been used to investigate the relations of gentian leaf blight and the following factors:the grade of seedling,the cultivated density ,the cultivated time,the preceding crop,sunshading,the variety of gentian.The results showed that gentian leaf blight was reliefed when the following measures were applied:the first or second grade seedling was cultivated;the cultivated density was higher;cultivation began at autumn;interplanted technology was applied;rotation; the preceding crop was corn.Gentian leaf blight occured in Gentiana manshurica Kitag was lighter than that of Gentiana scabra Bunge.The effect of gentian leaf blight on the output and quality of gentian was studied in this experiment and the output loss model of gentian was established by determining the output of gentian and the loss of the efficient components and the account formula of control index was established also.The study of the effect of gentian leaf blight on the output of gentian showed that the disease could cause the decrease of the output of gentian and the decrease was obviously when the disease was severely. The output loss assessment model of gentian leaf blight in Heilongjiang was established by detected analyzing of different curves,the model was as following :(L- the radio of output loss ; d- the disease index; the correlativecoefficient r=0.8392 ; standard deviation s=10.5 ; the maximal value of loss radio K=54.11%) the account formula of control index was as following:(dET-the control index; W- cost; P-the price of crude drug; V-the anticipant output; M-the time for controlling disease; R-the aggravating speed of disease; Q-the controlling effect)HPLC was applied to determine the content of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin and the method of quality evaluation of gentian was established.The studied showed that the content of gentiopicroside was decreased when the disease index was increased, the decrease was not obviously when the index of disease was under 70,. the content began to drop obviously when the index of disease was above 70.The studied showed that the loss ratio of gentiopicroside and the loss of gentiopicroside was increased with the aggravation of the disease, the loss ratio of gentiopicroside and the loss of gentiopicroside was not obviously when the disease index was under 55 and was increased fastly when the disease index was above 55.The loss would be small when the disease index was under 60 .The results showed that gentian leaf blight was reliefed and the output and quality of gentian was higher when the following measures were applied:the first grade seedling was cultivatedjthe cultivated density was higher(125plant/m2); cultivation began at autumn; rotation.Spraied five germicides at different concentration on seedling bed in order to prevent the occurence of the disease of gentian. The results showed that:Carbendaxol(l:500) had the best effect of keeping seedling, carbendaxol(l:600), carbendaxol(l:700), chlorothalonil (1:500) and chlorothalonil(l:600) were secondly, the amount of keeping seedling was 5000 plant/m2, the amount of keeping seedling conformed with the standard of production.In this experiment ,the seedling was soaked by different germicide更多还原