上海市非正规就业的发展及其城市空间形态研究

【作者】 白冰冰；

【导师】 丁金宏；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 人文地理学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 中国经济体制转轨与社会结构转型使中国的经济所有制形式、用工制度、就业模式发生着深刻的变化。受其影响，作为经济活动积聚体的城市，其空间形态、结构功能、价值构成也在悄然发生变化。本文选取客观上已广泛存在，而理论与实践中并未给予足够重视，并且有广阔发展前景的非正规就业作为研究对象，回顾其发展的历史，探讨其发生、发展的动力机制与城市空间形态特征，以及它对城市空间功能分异、城市社会空间重构、城市价值形态嬗变的影响。本文选题的立意是从人文地理学、城市社会学的学科视角，揭示城市非正规就业的组成、结构、因子互动机制，并将其运用到上海市非正规就业的实证分析中，提出促进城市非正规就业良性发展的公共政策。 本文首先对非正规就业的相关概念进行了梳理，以中国和上海非正规就业发展历史为脉络，揭示了非正规经济与非公有制经济的历史渊源；其次，应用社会调查方法，对上海非正规就业进行了调查，并对调查数据进行了系统分析，从上海2000年流动人口普查数据、历次流动人口抽样调查数据中提取流动人口非正规就业信息，对两类非正规就业群体的现状规模、组织形式、结构特征进行了分析；再次，应用GIS空间分析技术，以上海行政区划图、上海浦东人口普查区图为底图，创建了上海非正规就业空间分析系列专题图，从非正规就业规模分布、户籍别分布、不同职业分布等视角揭示了上海城市非正规就业空间形态，同时分省(自治区、直辖市)比较了中国非正规就业的区域差异；最后，本文分析了目前非正规就业管理中存在的问题，并据此提出了政府在非正规就业管理中应遵循的原则与采取的措施。 本文提出了以下主要观点： 一、非正规就业存在城镇居民非正规就业与流动人口非正规就业两大类型，二者在来源、特征、社会地位、空间分布上具有显著差异。流动人口是目前城镇非正规就业的主体，而农村剩余劳动力是最大的潜在非正规就业群体。 二、目前中国非正规就业呈加速发展态势，其内在的动因是中国经济体制转轨与社会结构转型所引发的经济所有制形式、用工制度、就业模式发生的深刻变化。城镇居民非正规就业的形成与发展是政府推动下的外生力量的体现，而流动人口非正规就业的形成与发展是就业者寻求自身利益最大化的内生力量的爆发。 三、两类非正规就业群体在空间分布上具有一定的互补性。城镇居民非正规就业规模从市中心到城市外围逐渐减小，规模等值线呈同心环状分布;而流动人口非正规就业集中分布于城乡结合部的城市边缘地带。分割的劳动力市场是形成这种互补性分布的根本原因。 四、上海流动人口非正规就业总体上呈现“大分散、小聚集”的分布格局。具有按其户籍地划分的“同源汇聚”和“文化认同”现象:按职业划分，运输设备操作人员具有很强的集聚性，机关事业单位人员和专业技术人员具有一定的集聚性，制造加工人员和建筑施工人员没有明显的集聚性。 五、中国非正规就业的地区空间差异主要表现在:中部地区非正规就业比重普遍偏高，东部次之，西部地区最低。地区经济发展水平与跨区域劳动力流动的区域选择，是形成我国非正规就业空间分布差异的根本原因。 六、经济转型国家非正规就业发展的一般规律:城市非正规就业呈现出随着城市经济发展水平的提高先增加、后降低、最后趋于稳定的发展过程。 七、非正规就业管理中应遵循的基本原则:根据非正规就业发展的不同阶段来把握非正规就业管理尺度，政府坚持培育平等、合理、有序的非正规就业市场的职能定位。 八、目前改善非正规就业管理政策应当采取的主要措施:建立统一的劳动力市场、分类管理、加强非正规就业立法、完善非正规就业社会保障体系。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a result of transformations of economy system and social structure in china, great changes are having taken place in economic possession forms, employment system and employment models. Accordingly, urban spatial morphology, urban structure and urban valuation are silently changing. Informal employment as a research object in the dissertation exists widely while being ignored in research and practice. Through reviewing informal employment history, analyzing its reasons of appearing and developing, describing its urban spatial morphology, illuminating its influence on urban spatial function different and urban social space restructuring, the dissertation revealed component, configuration and factorial inter-actions of informal employment. Commonality policies to develop informal employment were put forward based on demonstration study in Shanghai.Firstly, the dissertation clarifies correlating conceptions about informal employment, reveals historical relations between informal economy and non-national economy after describing the development history of informal employment in china and shanghai. Secondly, based on surveys, the dissertation analyzes current scale, organization forms and structure characters classing two kinds of informal employees. Thirdly, applying GIS spatial analyzing technique, A series of thematic maps were created which use Shanghai district division maps and Pudong census district maps as base maps. Urban spatial morphology of informal employment in shanghai was illustrated in the view of scale, huji and occupation. Finally, the dissertation analyzes presence problems on informal employment management and brings forward principles to obey and measures to adopt for government during management of informal employment.Mostly opinions are as follows:1, According to difference of origin, characteristic and status, informal employment can be divided into two kinds of types: civic informal employees and floating population informal employees. The latter is the principal part of informalemployment, while rural surplus labors are most latency informal employees.2, At present, informal employment are accelerating in china. Great changes have taken place in economic possession forms, employment system and employment models because of transformations of economy system and social structure in china, whice is the most principal reasons of appearing and development of informal employment.3 , Two kinds of informal employment are mutual supplement in spatial distribution. Civic informal employees gradually decrease from center to fringe of city. Floating population informal employees centralize at joint of urban and rural.4, Floating population informal employees present the distributing pattern of "decentralization within a wide range while conglomeration within a narrow range", Its spatial morphology and congregating degree differ by the difference of origins and occupations.5, The regional difference of informal employment hi whole china is that the middle region is the highest, the east higher, the west is low.6. The common rule in economic transformation countries is that urban informal employment increases at first, then decreases, finally stabilize with economic development.7. The basic principle for government to obey is to hold management scale of informal employment in term of developing phases and breed equality, reasonable and orderable informal employment system.8. Principal measures to improve informal employment policies: Establishing unify labor force market, classing management, strengthening lawmaking, perfecting safeguard system.更多还原