【作者】 周加仙；

【导师】 钟启泉；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 比较教育学， 2004， 博士

【摘要】 本论文在考察美国90年代基于脑的教育运动的基础上，对基于脑的教育理论基础以及与脑相宜的教学理论进行了研究与分析，并根据国际形势以及我国的研究现状，对我国的未来研究提出了几点对策。 基于脑的教育运动是在1990年代脑科学研究的蓬勃发展、认知科学的日新月异、脑科学研究技术的突飞猛进以及教育变革要求将学生置于改革的中心位置这样一种背景下形成的。1990年代，在美国出现了两股基于脑的教育运动：脑科学与学前教育运动。运动的盛况可以从专业期刊、大众媒体、决策论坛的报道以及美国早期教育决策中窥见一斑；美国的白宫会议、100万册的《新闻周刊》以及电台广播的宣传，使脑科学与学前教育成为家喻户晓的运动，并具有世界性的影响。基于脑的学校教育运动，由于得到了美国教育研究协会、课程开发与督导协会、美国国家中学校长协会的积极支持不断发展壮大，近年来出版了大量的书籍与论文，并在实践中产生了深远的影响。 我们考察这场轰轰烈烈的基于脑的教育运动后发现，频繁出现于报刊媒体、专业杂志的是这样一些脑科学研究成果：大脑10％的潜能、左右脑分工说与教育、大脑的可塑性与教育、关键期与教育、情绪与教育。本研究表明，大脑10％的潜能是没有脑科学研究依据的论断，它之所以在教育界流传广泛，得益于著名组织和专家如詹姆士、爱因斯坦等人的宣传，并迎合了人们渴求成功、期盼聪明的心理。左右脑分工说将一项严格的科学研究过分简单化，并赋予其更多的意义，在这一研究之上建造了一座它难以承载的教育大厦。可塑性的研究对于教育人员具有非凡的魅力，我们知道学习可以改变大脑的结构，但是怎样设计教学、创设怎样的教学环境来改变大脑仍然是未解之谜，经验所引起的突触变化与学校应该怎样教育之间仍然存在着巨大的鸿沟。关键期并不是短暂的、严格限定的，也不是永久的或者不可改变的，因此，目前人们倾向于用敏感期来代替关键期一词。人们现在已经可以证明感觉运动系统存在着敏感期，但是能否将它运用于阅读、计算等人类文化知识方面还需要做进一步的研究。情绪对于学生的学习非常重要，对于情绪与学习的研究已经成为国际研究界的重要课题。 与脑相宜的教学对工厂式教学模式提出猛烈的抨击，主张根据大脑的自然规律来进行教学，它汲取了建构主义的教育主张，将学生置于教学的中心，重视意义建构，认为大脑对于意义的追寻是与生俱来的。与脑相宜的教学在教学设计时关注人的自然学习系统，强调为学生创建丰富的、真实的、低威胁、高挑战的学习环境，在课堂管理中关注文化课堂中的生物脑。 基于脑的教育的汲取了心理学的研究成果、融合了多种教育范式的研究成果与理论主张，在实践中受到教师与家长的欢迎，但是在引入教育的脑科学论断存在着来源错误、解释错误、或者做出没有根据的推论这样三种类型的错误。媒体的简单化报道以及概念和术语的不统一、研究方法与研究对象的局限性是造成这些错误的主要原因。 进入21世纪以后，脑科学与教育的研究成为国际组织以及各国政府普遍关注的重要课题，1999年经济合作与发展组织启动“学习科学与大脑研究”的项目，“国际心智、大脑与教育协会”也于2003年n月成立，并创刊了《脑科学与教育》的国际性期刊。面对这种局势，我国当务之急是培养一支跨学科的追踪队伍，及时引进国外一流的大脑开发研究成果，尽快形成与国外前沿研究领域同行平等对话和有效交流的机制。因此，架起脑科学与教育的桥梁、确立新的研究方向、为师范生开设相关课程是把握机会迎接挑战的主要对策。更多还原

【Abstract】 On the basis of investigating the campaign of brain-based education in 1990’s in America, this dissertation makes research and reflection on the brain science theory in this education paradigm and brain compatible instruction. Several strategies come out in the end in light of the international situation and the research status quo in our country.Brain-based education was developing in 1990’s with the flourish of the brain science, updating of the cognitive science, the breakthrough of brain research technology and requirement of educational reform which places the students in the center. There were two campaign of brain-based education, one is the brain and early child education movement, the pomp of which can be see in articles and papers published in professional journals, public media, decision-making tribunes and policies of early child. The white house conference, the issue of News Week which was published over 1 million copies, and program on TV and Radio station make this campaign known to everybody and the world. With the support of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD), National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP), the brain based education in schools developed steadily. A lot of books and papers were published in recent years, and they brought the far-reaching influence on the practice.After exploring the dynamic campaign, we find out that 10% brain use statement, left/right brain, the plasticity of the brain, critical period, emotions frequently appear on the media, newspaper and professional journal. The origin 10% brain use statement is not clear, but several public figures such as William James and physicist Albert Einstein, who have made reference to it, make this statement known. This statement caters for the people who long for success and cleverness. Left brain/right brain education simplified a rigorous science research and endue with more meaning. An enormous building was built on this research that could not bear. Plasticity fascinates educators a lot. We now know that learning can change the structure of the brain, but how to design the instruction, how to make instruction environment is still an enigma. There is still a "gap" between the changes of synapse caused by experience and the education in schools. Critical period is not short, strictly limited, neither permanent nor unchangeable. People tend to substitute it with sensitive period. Now it can be proved there is sensitive period in sense system, but if it can be used in acquisition of culturally transmitted knowledge, such as reading, counting, further research is needed. Emotion is very important to the learning of the students, and it is becoming an important research project in the world.Brain-compatible instruction researchers decry "the factory model of education". It advocates teaching to the natural law of the brain, attaching the importance to the meaning creation. Brain-based educators favor a constructivist, active learning model,with the students in the center of instruction. They think the seeking of meaning is innate. They design the instruction according to the natural learning system, creating the learning environment that is enriched, authentic, low-threaten and high-challenged. They emphasize on the biological brain in a cultural classroom in classroom management.Brain based education draws on the researches of the psychology and integrates the various of theory of education paradigms. But when it comes to the brain science, there are three kinds of errors: resource incredulity error, misinterpretation error, unwarranted inferential leaps error. The simplified reporting, the limitation of the methodologies and the subjects are the main causes of these errors.In the 21century, brain and education is the important research project of international organization and the governments of many countries. The project on "learning sciences and brain research" was launched by the Organization For Economic Co-Operation A更多还原