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跨国公司技术转移与中国企业学习战略研究

【作者】 范黎波

【导师】 徐子健;

【作者基本信息】 对外经济贸易大学 , 国际贸易, 2004, 博士

【摘要】 全球直接投资已经成为推动世界经济和一个国家经济发展的主导力量,跨国公司(MNCs)是外国直接投资(FDI)的主体,也是技术转移和技术创新的主体。从全球技术转移的结构来看,技术转移与吸收学习主要集中在发达国家之间,而发展中国家在获得和利用国际技术转移方面目前仍然处于弱势地位。 中国改革开放20多年,外国直接投资对中国经济发展起到了十分重要的推动作用。随着中国加入WTO和开放经济的纵深发展,中国制造业越来越具有国际竞争力。众所周知,外资不仅与制造业发展紧密联系,而且与技术引进与创新、国际人力资本开发息息相关。长期以来,中国政府强调了需要含有有关先进技术转移的FDI,这对提高中国企业的技术水平起到了非常积极的作用,而且许多企业在相关的产业技术领域也积累了丰富的经验,但是收效并不是特别显著。产生这种结果的原因大致主要有三点:一是中国企业尽管意识到技术引进和学习的不足,但没有切实可行的应对措施,这与理论研究的滞后性是有关系的;二是对跨国公司而言,技术转移会使他们失去对潜在竞争者的技术优势,因此他们往往选择保守的做法(仅提供简单技术或者设置技术壁垒等),而且,这种风险在对技术知识产权保护不利的中国无疑更大;三是中国的产业结构还比较粗放,市场竞争也不够规范,对领先技术和高科技缺乏足够的吸引力。 现在这种情况正在改变。跨国公司的技术转移和中国企业技术学习的积极性都在迅速提高,其中市场激励也起了关键的推动作用。现在,中国市场开放程度越来越高,产业结构越来越高级化,企业集约化经营变得越来越迫切。竞争的制胜之道已经从传统的满足市场需求过渡到品质与创新的卓越管理。在这种背景下,企业的资源整合优势和核心竞争力已经变得至关重要,而这有赖于技术知识优势,包括技术本身、管理经验和能力、品牌管理和市场推广能力等。勿庸置疑,技术知识已经成为竞争的关键。 如何取得技术知识,如何持续不断地提高企业的技术能力,已经成为理论和实践必须面对的新课题。本文把跨国公司的技术转移、扩散和中国企业的吸收学习和技术能力发展策略作为主要对象,运用市场调查、规范描述、实证比较和案例研究等方法,把研究的着眼点集中在跨国公司对华技术转移的过程和难点、中国企业技术学习策略、中国企业技术能力提高的逻辑演绎和操作模式。 本文的基本结构如下: 引言部分明确提出了本文的研究意义。这主要是基于对一些关键问题的思考,如技术进步和国际贸易与投资促进了世界经济的发展,中国应该如何推动技术进步,技术进步的发展动力在哪里?是自主创新还是吸收学习?这是本文展开的逻辑起点。 在第一章,本文定义了研究对象和研究的一些难点问题。这些研究对象和难点问题不是单纯的理论设计和推敲,而是基于对47个在华投资、尤其是在制造业、高新产业领域有战略投资的跨国公司进行分析和研究的基础上提出的。 在第二章,本文定义了样本公司和信息资料。这些信息资料来自于1998年下半年至2003年对47家样本公司中中方的中高层管理者或部门经理的问卷调查。通过研究发现,跨国公司的技术转移是战略行为,而不是权宜之计。但是他们并不情愿把核心技术转移到中国企业。在他们试图保护现有技术知识的同时,大部分样本公司认识到,技术外溢(Spillovers)在所难免。因此,最有效的战略是通过技术研发来保持它们的技术领先地位。 在第三章,根据定义的研究对象,从理论和实践两个角度对前人的理论研究做了系统的整理和描述。其中一些理论属于实证研究的范畴,也有一些理论可归为规范描述的范畴。不管什么类型的研究,我们发现,该领域的研究存在很大程度的不连续性,许多研究仅仅注重的是某个细节、某个个案或某个部分。我们基于技术转移和吸收学习做了分类分析。需要说明的是,许多研究并不充分,而且资料不完整,这给我们的研究增加了一定的难度。 在第四章,根据理论回顾和调查结果的整理,本文提出了跨国公司技术转移的一般模型和技术转移与吸收学习模型,这两个模型基本上能够概括技术转移和吸收学习过程中所涉及的主要变量(关联要素)。与此同时,本文还对部分变量进行了深入的分析。由于技术是一个交易过程,因此,它在交易的过程中容易受到机会主义行为的干扰,因此我们从交易规则和信守承诺的角度做了深入分析。 在第五章,在系统讨论跨国公司技术转移的基础上,本文提出了中国企业提高技术能力的策略和方法。其中本文对吸收学习过程做了深入的分析,提出了吸收学习战略和吸收学习过程的能力转换。本文认为,在这个过程中,难点在于技术选择。为了真正解决这个难点问题,本文引进了相应的数理模型进行规范描述。 在第六章,在技术吸收学习与技术能力提高的问题上,实施本文提出的策略和方法并不是最好的方法,这种做法需要许多条件支持,因此不可能完全奏效。为此,我们提出了价值创新的策略和方法,这种策略可以被认为是一个非常好的互补策略。 最后,本文把注意力集中在了技术转移理论突破的问题上,系统分析了跨国公司研?

【Abstract】 Global foreign direct investment (FDI) has become a dominant force in driving the world economy. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are the main carriers of FDI, technology transfer as well as technology innovation. But when we are examining the structure of global technology transfer, the main activities are still concentrated in the developed economies, and the developing economies are still in a weak position in the acquisition and leveraging of technology transfer.FDI has greatly contributed to China’s economy since the reform and opening-up policy was carried out 20 years ago. With China’s entry into the WTO and the in-depth development of its open economy, Chinese manufacturing industry has gained more competitiveness. As is well known, FDI has a close relationship not only with manufacturing industry, but also with the technology transfer, innovation and international human resource development. For a long time, Chinese government has been emphasizing the need for advanced technology transfer, which plays an important role in upgrading the technology of Chinese enterprises. However, there still exist inefficiencies in technology transfer. The causes can be concluded as the following three points: (1) Being aware of the lack of technology introduction and learning, the Chinese enterprises find no feasible way to deal with the situation, which may be related to the lag of academic research; (2) MNCs have adopted a conservative way of technology transfer (such as supplying only the simple technology or erecting technology barriers) for fear of losing competitiveness; (3) China’s extensive industrial structure and opacity of market competition have little appeal to the leading and hi-tech technology.Now things are changing. The enthusiasm of both the technology transfer on the MNCs’ side and the technology learning on the China’s side are inspiring, of which market stimulation exerts an important influence. An enterprise can succeed only if it can effectively manage innovation and integrate its resources. All this depends on the technology advantages owned by the enterprises, including technology itself, management experiences, market extension, etc,. It is no doubt that technology has become a key factor in competition.How to acquire the needed technology and how to improve technology competences of enterprises are the subjects that must be dealt with both in theory and in practice. The paper focuses on the MNCs’ technology transfer, diffusion, the absorption capacity of Chinese enterprises, and the strategy of technology development. It employs market research methods, normative description, empirical and case studies to deduce the process of MNCs’ technology transfer to China, the learning strategy, as well as the logic of technology improvement of Chinese enterprises.The structure of the paper is as follows:The introduction defines the implications of the paper. This is mainly based on some thoughts on key problems, for instance, technology development, international trade and investment stimulate the world economy, what should China do to promote technology development, what is the driving force for technology improvement? Was it autonomous innovation or learning by absorption? These are the fundamentals for the paper to evolve an in-depth analysis.Chapter 1 defines the subject and some difficulties of the research. It is not merely atheoretical deduction, rather it is based on analysis on the questionnaires conducted concerning the 47 MNCs in China, especially those firms in manufacturing and high-tech industries.Chapter 2 defines the sample corporations and related information. Such information directly comes from the questionnaires conducted during the second-half of the year 1998 and 2003. The questionnaires are designed for the middle-or-higher level of management or functional managers on the Chinese side in the sample corporations. We find that MNCs’ technology transfer is a strategic behavior and not a makeshift. MNCs are reluctant to transfer the core technology to C

  • 【分类号】F276.7;F279.2
  • 【被引频次】27
  • 【下载频次】2108
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