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中外会计准则模式比较研究

【作者】 梁爽

【导师】 谷祺;

【作者基本信息】 东北财经大学 , 会计学, 2003, 博士

【摘要】 1993年7月1日中国发布了《企业会计准则》之《基本准则》,这标志着中国构建本国会计准则的历史已经开始,到今年7月,也就是2003年7月,这段历史已整整10年。在这段期间,财政部共发布了16项具体准则和一项与具体准则拥有相同功能的《企业会计制度》,目前又有几项具体准则正处于最后征求意见的阶段,预期年内能够完成,中国会计准则建设速度之快,令世人瞩目。 总结与计划是同等重要的,没有计划就没有开始,没有总结就没有进步。十年前,中国将会计准则建设的总体目标锁定在国际化上,十年来,中国按照自己设定的目标逐步构建了自己的会计准则,初步形成了中国的会计准则模式,那么,这种会计准则模式是国际化的吗?中国实现会计准则国际化的目标了吗?本人认为,在中国会计准则建设十周年之际,全面研究、评价一下中国现行会计准则及其模式的恰当性是十分重要的,也正是基于这种认识,所以本人选择了本文的题目。 会计准则国际化与会计准则模式国际化是两个不同的概念,前者仅指约束企业会计核算的规则,后者是对会计准则及其制定过程总体特征的一种描述。十年来,中国始终将会计准则建设的目标定位在国际化上,这是不是意味着会计准则模式也应该追求一种国际化呢?从中国会计准则发展的实际情况来看,很难证明这一点。经过比较研究,我们发现,中国的会计准则是国际化的,然而会计准则模式则呈现出十足的个性化特征,这说明,会计准则的国际化并不需要以国际化的会计准则模式为前提,国际化会计准则与个性化会计准则模式可以做到辩证的统一。 既然中国在10年前就设定了国际化会计准则的目标,为什么会计准则模式还有许多个性化的特征?中外会计准则模式之间还有哪些重大的差异?根源在哪里?个性化会计准则模式和国际化会计准则为什么能够做到辩证的统一?为了回答这些问题,本文分四个部分对中外会计准则及相关模式进行了详尽的比较和研究。 第一部分比较研究了中国的会计准则制定机构与国外流行模式之间的异2内容摘要巴黔旦旦耳票界竺竺竺息里旦旦旦早巴黑息只巴巴照同,分析了它们之间产生差距的原因,从理论上研究了会计准则究竟应该由谁来制定,评价了中国模式的适应性,并提出了改进的几点建议。经过这部分的比较研究,我们发现,中外会计准则制定的机构模式之间存在着较大的差异,中国现行准则制定机构模式的形成有其历史的必然性,不会以任何人的意志为转移,从目前来看,这种模式也比较符合中国的国情,因而具有一定的合理性,中国没有必要考虑按照美国模式进行改制,但这种模式也暴露出来一些问题,因而,进一步完善这种准则制定模式,提高我国准则制定机构的效率还是十分必要的。 第二部分比较研究了中国会计准则制定的方法及程序与国外流行模式之间的异同,分析了它们之间产生差异的原因,从理论上分析了科学制定会计准则的方法及程序,并以此评价了中国准则制定方法及程序的适当性,提出了中国模式进一步完善的几点措施。经过这部分的比较研究,我们发现,中外在会计准则制定的方法及程序上也存在着较大的差距,这种差距的形成也有一定的历史必然性,但也有主观认识的影响,我们应该充分认识到本国模式的不足,进一步完善我国会计准则的制定方法及程序。 第三部分比较研究了中外财务会计概念框架理论的异同。我们知道,中国的概念框架理论尚未健全,现有的一些概念和原则散见于不同的规范中,这是我国会计准则建设中的一点儿遗憾,但并不能因此说我国制定的会计准则无据可依,这一点通过我国具体准则具有一定的内在一致性能得到证实。但无论如何,建立科学的会计准则理论依据或概念框架理论是我国会计准则建设的当务之急。 第四部分比较研究了中外会计准则的发布形式和具体内容的异同。从会计准则颁布的形式上看,中国目前是制度与准则并存;从深层次上看,也可以说,是原则式准则和规则式准则并存,这是中国会计准则的特色之所在。从会计准则的具体内容来看,半数以上与国际会计准则几乎是一致的。因此说,中国的会计准则己经具有了较强的国际化色彩,但差距也是非常明显的,主要表现在会计确认和计量方面。 通过以上四个部分的比较研究,我们已经看到,总体上讲,中外在会计准则制定机构、会计准则制定的方法及程序、概念框架等方面的差异还是很大的,但中外在会计准则内容之间的差异相对较小。总体上讲,目前中外在会计准则内容摘要内容上的差异是由客观环境因素造成的,如果客观环境上的差异不存在,可以想象,中外会计准则内容上的差距几乎不会存在,这充分说明了个性化会计准则模式不会从根本上影响会计准则内容的国际化,也说明了个性化的会计准则模式和国际化的会计准则可以做到辩证的统一,因此,试图追求国际化会计准则的国家没有必要首先追求国际化的会计准则模式。从交易费用学的角度看,由于各国会计环境上的重大差异,各国会计准则模式的完全统一是很难的,但这并不会影响世界各国会计准则内容的彼此统一

【Abstract】 Up to this July, namely July 2003, it has been 10 years since the promulgation of the Basic Standard of Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises which marks the beginning of China’s constituting the accounting standard. Throughout these years, Ministry of Finance has promulgated 16 specific standards and one Accounting System which carries the same function as a specific standard. Presently, there have been four specific standards at the final stage of requesting comments and will be finished within this year. The speed of making Chinese accounting standard is so fast and remarkable.Conclusion and planning share the same importance. No planning, no commence; no conclusion, no progress. 10 years ago, China targeted its institution of the accounting standard for the internationalization. China has gradually structured its accounting standard and formed initially the Chinese model. Is that model internationalization? Is the accounting standard internationalization? Has China achieved its original aims? It is vital to study comprehensively China’s current accounting standard on the occasion of the 10th anniversary. It is also based on this point that I made out the currenf topic.The concept of accounting standard internationalization is different from that of accounting standard model internationalization. The former only restricts the enterprise accounting standard, is the final product of the whole accounting standard model system, and is merely the part of the accounting standard model-the most important part because the accounting standard has the direct restraint function of the enterprise accounting, it bears the function of allocation social resources. The accounting standard model is the description of accounting standard and of the general characteristic. In my opinion, except the description of the specific standard, at least it should compromise the introduction of the standard makers, grounds, methods and procedures of the relative matters.China has been aiming its constitution of accounting standard to theinternationalization. Does it mean the accounting standard model should follow the internationalization? We don’t have the definite answer from the government authorities, accounting standard model has been developing on its own rule. This might result in: on the one hand, China’s accounting standard is internationalization, on the other hand, China’s accounting standard model is more and more characterized. It is for real? The answer could only be figured out through comparison and studies between China’s accounting standard model and foreign countries’. In order to get the answer, four parts of my article make comparison and studies in full details. In each part, the method of my study is first make comparison between China and international current model and then find the discrepancy, analyze the reasons of such discrepancy, and point out the future trend by studying the relative theory.The first part makes the comparative study of the common and different parts of China’s accounting standard making institution and the foreign current model. After comparison, we find it exists big difference between these two institutional models, In China, the model is typical governmental while the international model is folk. Through the analyzation of the reasons, I believe, the form of China’s making institutions is inherent. It won’t change on anyone’ s intention and it complies with the China’s situation, so it is reasonable to exist. It is not necessary that China follow the folk model to reform, but China’s model is not perfect and needs further perfection thus improving the efficiency of the making institution.The second part studies the common and different methods between China and foreign countries. We learned from the studies that it differs a lot between these two models. Comparatively speaking, international model is mature and scientific. After studying the reasons of discrepancy, I think the formation of China’s model is inherent but is influenced by personal opini

  • 【分类号】F233
  • 【被引频次】6
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