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多氯代多环芳香化合物的溶剂热合成、分离与表征

【作者】 彭银

【导师】 郑兰荪; 黄荣彬;

【作者基本信息】 厦门大学 , 无机化学, 2003, 博士

【摘要】 多氯代芳香化合物作为芳香化合物家族的成员之一,它在分子识别、碳笼离子的研究、富勒烯的研究等方面具有很大意义。氯代芳香化合物的合成历史,可以追溯到一百年前的Beilstein研究小组的工作,他们首次设计全氯代芳香化合物的合成。此后,不同的研究小组从事了这方面的研究,但遗憾的是研究结果都不尽人意。所面临的困难是在引入最后一个氯时空间立体屏蔽作用及电化学活性的丢失。因此,合适的合成方法是成功获得全氯代芳香化合物的关键。 很多卤代烷烃,例如:四氯化碳、氯仿等与碱金属混合,进行有机增链反应(Wurtz反应),但由于容易发生剧烈爆炸,所以这类反应在传统的有机合成中很少被应用。然而,据最近文献报道,如果此类反应在封闭体系(溶剂热条件下)中进行,爆炸反应则可以被避免。而且,这类反应已被用来合成各种富碳物质,如金刚石、纳米管、石墨、纳米葱等。这说明在溶剂热条件下,四氯化碳等小分子通过Wurtz反应可以合成具有不同结构的富碳物质,而不再是敞开体系下简单的烷基等增链反应。但是无论是金刚石还是碳纳米材料的合成,作者关注的重点是无机固体产物。那么,如果控制反应条件,使四氯化碳等小分子碳氯化合物中的氯原子不完全脱掉,根据Wurtz反应机理,反应体系中将产生大量的碳氯自由基或碳正离子,它们在溶剂热条件下按照一定的生长规律进行组合,必将生成大量的多氯代多环芳香化合物。因此,以小分子碳氯化合物和碱金属为原料,在溶剂热条件下合成多氯代多环芳香化合物是很有可能的。 四氯化碳等碳氯化合物在溶剂热条件下成功地合成了金刚石等具有重大理论和应用价值的碳单质,充分体现了溶剂热法的优点。溶剂热合成方法的特点、优点以及它的应用价值在无机化学合成领域已得到了充分的展现,但是此方法在有机化学合成领域的应用还未见报道。因此将溶剂热法引入到多氯代多环芳香化合物的合成将具有一定的理论和现实意义! 本文以四氯化碳和金属钠为原料,在溶剂热条件下合成多氯代多环芳香化合物,对合成产物进行分离和表征,并根据实验结果对溶剂热条件下碳环生长等问题进行讨论。 摘要 1、通过对反应温度、反应时间、金属钠的使用量的探索,优化溶剂热反应条件为:3.09(o.13mox)的Na,25ml eel4,放入容积为4oml的不锈钢反应釜中,在300Oe温度下反应40小时。 2、借助高效液相色谱一质谱一紫外光谱联用技术,以甲醇一环己烷作为流动相,采用梯度淋洗的方式,在反相C18柱上成功地实现了50多种多氯代多环芳香化合物分离分析。根据多氯代多环芳香化合物的质谱特点和氯同位素的质谱分布特征,基本确定了这些合成产物的分子式组成。通过升华、普通中性氧化铝柱色谱、重结晶和制备型高效液相色谱等分离手段,得到16种纯净的多氯代多环芳香化合物,为其进一步结构分析与表征创造条件。 3、通过反复尝试,建立了溶剂热合成产物的制备型高效液相色谱分离、纯化方法。以甲苯一甲醇为流动相,在反相C18制备柱上成功地实现了多种多氯代多环芳香化合物的制备性分离、纯化。 4、通过X一射线单晶衍射、红外光谱、紫外光谱、质谱、核磁等各种表征手段对所得的16种纯净化合物C6C16、C一oCI:、ClzCll。、C一3ClsO、C15Clso、(C,6Cllo)ZCsZ、e、:C一、202、e、gel:oHZ、e、,e一goH、C24e一、2、e25el、。02、C26C17OHS(两种同分异构体)、C26ClsOZHZ、C26CI,。H:、C39Cll。进行结构分析,确定12种化合物为新型化合物。首次获得了6种新型化合物C一,ClsO、(C16Cll。):CS:、C!SC一120:、C19elgOH、e26elsoZHZ、C26CI,。Hs的晶体结构。 5、通过实验结果分析,结合Wurtz反应机理,对溶剂热条件下碳环生长机理讨论如下: 金属钠与四氯化碳密封于不锈钢反应釜中,在高温高压下,四氯化碳在金属钠的作用下,断开c一cI键,形成各种碳氯自由基或碳正离子,如:cC12、·cC13、cC13十。通过多步Wurtz反应,这些自由基或离子按一定的生长规律进行重组,以不同的生长路径朝着各种碳单质(金刚石、石墨、富勒烯)的方向生长。在反应中最初产生 的碳环具有较强的化学活性,它们骨架碳环周边碳原子上的悬挂键不断被一些自由 基(如在反应过程中产生的氯原子、氧原子或氢原子)饱和,以多氯代多环芳香化 合物的形式稳定下来,从而阻止这些碳环朝着不同的碳单质生长。从所得的多氯代 多环芳香化合物的结构可知,它们与三种碳单质之间在结构上存在一定的相关性, 这表明三种碳单质可能是经过这些多氯代多环芳香化合物的进一步生长而产生。 摘要 溶剂热合成法与其它氧代芳香化合物的合成方法相比,简单、易行、具有一步合成的特点。合成产物较为丰富,解决了常规方法合成氯代化合物难的问题。本方法己展示了可喜的应用前景,但本文只是作了初步研究,很多有意义的工作还有待进一步尝试。尽管溶剂热合成产物较为丰富,但仅获得了其中16种多氛代多环芳香化合物,宏量分?

【Abstract】 As one of aromatic family, polychlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) have important significance in the study of the molecular recognition, carbon cluster and fullences. One hundred years ago, the Beilstein’s group designed the synthesis of PPAHs for the first time. From then on, different groups engaged in this study, however, it’s very difficult to synthesize PPAHs because of the large volume of chlorine atom and accumulation of them in PPAHs. So searching for suitable synthetical method is the key to succeed in obtaining PPAHs.Mixture of alkali metals with a number of halogenated alkane solvents such as carbon tetrachloride and chloroform can be used to form the C-C bonds between alky groups. For instance, R1X and R2X react with Na to form R1-R2 (the Wurtz-type reaction). However, due to the shock-sensitive and highly explosive according to numerous chemical literatures, such a reaction had rarely been utilized to synthesize the PPAHs in traditional organic synthesis. In view of recent reports, however, the explosion can be avoided if the reaction is taken place in sealed container (solvothermal condition) instead of open vessels. Moreover, this process is capable of application to production of different carbon-based materials including diamond, nanotube, graphite, onion and so on, these show carbon tetrachloride as well as other small halogenated alkanes can be used to synthesize carbon-rich materials with different structures. According to Wurtz reaction, if we can control solvothermal reactive condition to make the four C-Cl bonds in the carbon tetrachloride broken incompletely, according to the mechanism of Wurtz reaction, some kinds of free radicals or carbonium ions will be produced in solvothermal condition. These free radicals or carbonium ions will assembly through some growth rule to form a number of PPAHs. So, it is feasible to synthesize the PPAHs with solvothermal methodDiamond as well as other carbon-based materials with much practical and theoretical significance was synthesized successfully in solvothermal condition, which fully displayed the merit of solvothermal method. In the inorganic synthetical field, the solvothermal method has been applied comprehensively, however, there are no reports inthe organic synthetical field. So if the solvothermal method is used to synthesize the PPAHs, it will have theoretical and practical significance.Based on these successful applications, we try to synthesize PPAHs using sodium and carbon tetrachloride in solvothermal condition, to separate and characterize the solvothermal products and discuss the mechanism of carbon ring.1. By searching the reactive temperature, reactive time and amounts of sodium, the final reactive condition is: 3.0g(0.13mol) sodium and 25ml CCl4 was sealed into the steeless-autoclave with 40ml volume and reacted for 40h in 300.2. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with both mass spectra and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy were investigated for the separation of solvothermal products. More than fifty PPAHs were isolated successfully on C18 column with a methanol-cyclohexane gradient mobile phase. According to mass feature of PPAHs and chlorine isotopes patterns in the mass spectra, the formula of these PPAHs was given. Sixteen pure PPAHs were obtained by sublimation, neutral Al2O3 column chromatography, and recrystaliztion and preparative high performance liquid chromatography.3. Preparative high performance liquid chromatography conditions were investigated for the separation of solvothermal products. Many PPAHs were separated and purified on the C18 column with toluene-methanol mobile phase.4. Among sixteen pure PPAHs C6C16, C10Cl8, C12Cl10. C13Cl8O, C15C18O,(two isomers) , C26Cl8O2H2. C26Cl10H8, C39Cl10, twelve new PPAHs are identified by X-ray single diffraction, infrared spectra, ultraviolet spectra, mass spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The structures of six new PPAHs C15Cl8O, (C16Cl10) 2CS2. C18Cl122O2, C19C19OH, C26Cl8O2H2,

  • 【网络出版投稿人】 厦门大学
  • 【网络出版年期】2004年 02期
  • 【分类号】O625
  • 【下载频次】245
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