【作者】 李卫忠；

【导师】 郑小贤；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 森林经理学， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 森林是陆地生态系统的主体，在维护生态平衡、改善生态环境中具有不可替代的作用。在当今全球自然资源趋于枯竭、生态环境日益恶化的大背景下，森林的公益效能越来越被充分的体现出来。然而，如何科学、合理的评价公益林建设的各种效益?如何建立一套具有科学性、系统性及可操作性的评价标准和指标体系以及采用什么方法等等?便成为当前迫切需要研究和解决的问题。基于此，本研究试图在这一领域做一探索性的工作，旨在为政府对未来行动的决策提供信息，并为公益林效益补偿机制的建立提供部分依据。 本研究首先从理论上分析和探讨了公益林的概念、内涵和特征；研究了公益林生态系统的价值构成；探讨了国内外评估森林多种价值的方法体系。研究指出公益林具有以下四大特征，即公共物品特征、外部性特征、没有市场价格和市场价值、属于社会资本。充分认识公益林的这些特征，对于开展效益评价具有重要作用。研究认为，公益林的价值由直接经济价值、环境价值（间接生态价值）及存在价值三部分构成。探讨了国内外评估森林多种价值的方法体系，特别是当前国外流行的一些新方法，如CVM及其他生态功能价值评估方法等，对这些方法的特点和应用范围等作了阐述、归纳和分析。 采取频度分析法，从国内外大量文献中，对各种指标进行统计分析，选择那些使用频度较高的指标，同时，结合我国生态公益林的背景特征、主要问题以及不同区域的社会经济条件等，进行分析、比较、综合选择那些针对性较强的指标。在此基础上，进一步征询有关专家意见，对指标进行调整，研究并构建了一套以生态、经济和社会效益为主体的四级评价指标体系。 其次，以黄龙山林区为研究对象，使用市场价值法等对黄龙山公益林的直接经济价值进行了评估；采用影子工程法、替代费用法、造林成本法等对黄龙山公益林生态系统功能的价值进行了评估。评估结果表明，2002年该林区每年可产生的实物产品总价值量为33187万元，其中：林地价值26410万元；木材产品价值6289万元；林副产品价值498万元。总的生态功能价值为82269万元，其中：涵养水源价值19180万元；净化水质的价值3262万元；保育土壤价值4713万元；固碳价值54170万元；降解SO₂价值941万元。 本研究采用CVM方法，重点研究了黄龙山公益林非使用类价值的评估，特别是存在价值的评估。对870名专家、学生及公众进行了问卷式邮件调查，调查表反馈率达64.25％，WTP中位值为10.00元，获得了近万条相关信息。设计了一系列相关分析试验，并采用列联表分析和x²检验法进行显著性检验，研究得出了对黄龙山了解程度和专业知识等因素与支付意愿显著相关。研究结果还对非使用价值 摘 要的组成进行了划分，得出了存在价值占80．72地 遗产价值占3．68地 选择价值占13．68％。 根据研究区域公益林效益的有效辐射范围，确定了总人口样本为黄河中下游四省（陕西、山西、河南、山东）。以此为依据对黄龙山林区公益林非使用价值进行推导，研究得出非使用价值总计为246970万元，其中：存在价值199354万元；遗产价值33786万元；选择价值u830万元。 研究表明：黄龙山公益林总价值为36．24亿元，其中直接产品价值为3．32亿元，占总价值的9．16％；非使用价值达24．70亿元，占68．13％：生态功能间接价值为8．罚亿元，占H．刀忆 说明了存在价值应该是公益林价值的最重要形式。 本研究的创新之处： （1）在区域层次上，建立了一个可操作性较强的以生态、经济和社会效益为主体的四级评价指标体系： （2）使用条件价值评估法（CVM），首次揭示了研究区域公益林的非使用类价值，并分别量化了公益林的存在价值、遗产价值和选择价值，成功地尝试了将这三种价值分开。 （3）在总人口样本确定中，改变了以全国乃至世界为总体的做法，对CVM做了一定改进。 （4）以黄上高原黄龙山林业局为例，对公益林的多种效益进行了计量评估，为西部地区公益林效益评价提供了示范样板。更多还原

【Abstract】 Forest, as the main body of land ecological system, plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining the balance of ecology and improving the quality of eco-environment. Under the background of the present global natural resources exhausted and ecological environment deteriorated, the non-commercial efficacy of forest become more and more important. However, how to evaluate rationally the benefits of non-commercial forest? How to establish a set of evaluation criteria and indicator with scientific, systematic and operational characters, and what methods should be taken? These are the very issues to study and resolve at present. Therefore, we try to do some explorative works in order to provide some information for our government to make decision in future, and to supply some basis for setting up the compensative mechanism of ecological non-commercial forest benefits.In this research, the effort is first given to analyzing and exploring the concept, connotation and character of non-commercial forest, and four characteristics of non-commercial forest are pointed out as follows: public goods, exteriority, no market price and market value and society capital. It is very important for benefit evaluation to know this.Based on analyzing the value standpoint of resources and its evolution, the value composition of non-commercial forest ecosystem is studied. The varied functions and value of non-commercial forest are composed of direct economic value, environmental value (indirect economic value) and existence value.The method system of assessing forest multiple values at home and abroad is explored, especially some new and prevalent methods, for example, Contingent valuation method (CVM) and other evaluation methods. The character and scope of these methods are elaborated, induced and analyzed.By using frequency analysis method, varied indicators from literatures have been analyzed. According to the frequency, the background character, major problems and social economic condition of non-commercial forest in different regions, those focusindicators has been chosen after analyzing, comparing. Based on this, we inquire specialists and adjust the indicators, and establish a set of indicator system with four levels, which mainly cover ecological, economic and social benefits.The market valuation method is used to value the direct economic values of Huanglong non-commercial forest (HNCF). In 2002,HNCF marketed a total value of 331.88 million yuan (RMB) extractive goods, of which 264.10 million yuan is forest land, 62.89 million yuan is timber, 4.98 million yuan of forest byproducts.In this research, shadow engineering method, substitute expense method and afforestation cost method are used to value the functions of the forest ecological system of HNCF. The valuation results reveal that the total ecological function value is 0.82269 billion yuan, of which, 0.191805 billion yuan is of water conservation, 32.626 million yuan of water purification, 47.13 million yuan of soil conservation, 0.5417 billion yuan of carbon fixation and 9.41 million yuan of 302 degradation.This research focuses on the valuation of non-use values of HNCF and its existence value in particular. In light of the principle of CVM technology, a willingness to pay-questionnaires is used for remote survey through mail service and inquiry on 870 specialists, students and common people. The feedback rate of the questionnaire is about 64.25%. About ten thousands of relevancy data are acquired, with WTP median value being 10 yuan. A series of correlation analysis tests are designed, using association table analysis and x2 test mathod to check significance. This research has also sorted the components of the non-use values of HNCF, and has found the existence values account for 80.72%, bequest values for 3.68% and option values for 13.68%.With the four provinces population of middle and lower reaches of the Yellow river as the sample of the whole population, the non-use values of HNCF is deduced as 2.4697 billion yuan, of which 1.99354 billi更多还原