【作者】 史立平；

【导师】 李玉；

【作者基本信息】 吉林农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 本文在对黏菌生物学研究历史与发展的回顾基础上，系统地阐述了国内外黏菌生物学研究状况。对分属于绒泡菌目和团毛菌目的8种黏菌进行了实验室培养与研究。在水琼脂培养基上完成了从孢子到孢子的生活循环。 应用实体显微镜、光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜，对培养的子实体和野生型子实体的囊被、孢子和孢丝等进行了一般和超微观察及比较研究。结果表明，燕麦琼脂培养的子实体与野生型子实体无明显区别。培养的孢子在大小、形态和纹饰等方面均与野生型相似。 应用基物培养技术、燕麦-琼脂技术、悬滴培养及扫描电镜技术研究了黏菌的生活循环，揭示了黏菌生活循环中的共同规律。结果表明，生活循环均包括单核的黏变形体或游动胞、多核的营养体原质团以及形成孢子阶段。生活循环始于孢子萌发，萌发方式为裂式。在孢子萌发后的最初发育阶段中，所有黏菌的单核黏变形体和游动胞在形态、结构和习性等方面均相似。所有的游动胞都具有一根明显的长鞭毛，游动胞和黏变形体可互相转化。 通过观察研究发现，绒泡菌目与团毛菌目黏菌的原质团从发育初期开始，既存在差异又具有共同特征。实验室培养的绒泡菌目七种黏菌的原质团，包括钙皮菌科的黄柄钙皮菌，发育初期均具有相似的形态和结构。原质团初为近无色、圆而小的扁平结构。不久小圆原质团变长且发育成明显的管状结构，其内部原生质开始前后方向上多少有些规律性的流动。此后长形结构的一端加宽，原质团呈扇形，具有极性。绒泡菌目黏菌原质团因具有三维结构和颗粒物质明显，即使在1mm以内，在光镜下易识别。 灰团网菌的原质团发育初期呈均质状扁平结构，大致呈条形或不规则状，近五色。不久条形结构的一端开始加宽，呈不规则的扇形，并有缺刻，边缘不明显，但具有极性。内部颗粒物质少，菌脉细，即使原质团面积大，也很难分辨。 揭示了绒泡菌目与团毛菌目黏菌成熟原质团的异同点。绒泡菌目黏菌成熟的原质团全部为典型的显型原质团。前端具有扇形结构，厚，呈大的片状，内部颗粒物质明显。质团扇形结构的后方呈网络状，网络由一些粗大、明显的菌脉组成。菌脉内有可逆的往返原生质流。原当原质团在培养皿上生长和运动时，其一般形态较稳定，但菌脉的形态在任何部分经常在变化。 灰团网菌与绒泡菌目成熟原质团相同之处在于，具有大型的扇形结构，呈片状，类似于显型原质团。不同之处在于培养的原质团很薄，原质团内部的颗粒物质少，菌脉比显型原质团细，只有达到相当大时才能观察到。 应用实体显微镜、光学显微镜和数码相机观察、研究并记录了黏菌子实体的形成过程。结果表明，勃菌子实体的形成阶段具有鲜明的种的特征，但仍存在一般规律。首先，原质团在其所生长的水琼脂上方形成圆形突起。圆形突起伸长并发育成菌柄及其上方的圆形或指状的头部。头部外层发育成囊被;头部内部发育为抱子和抱丝。子实体的形成过程还伴随一系列外观颜色变化，通常是从原质团的颜色转变成成熟时的灰黑色。最后，绒泡菌目子实体由于接触空气逐渐干燥，石灰质沉积在子实体表面而转变为灰白色。 实验结果表明，酸度、营养、光照条件和温度是影响勃菌个体发育过程的主要因素。弱酸条件适于抱子萌发，且适于原质团的生长。原质团形成子实体的过程需要光照和饥饿诱导。 掌握并改进了勃菌的采集和培养方法，并以原质团的形式保藏了8种勃菌菌种，为今后进一步深入研究提供较充足的实验材料。 采用分子生物学技术对勃菌纲4目7份样品的小亚基rDNA进行了扩增和序列分析。序列分析结果表明，无丝菌目与团毛菌目的关系较近，与发网菌目次之，而与绒泡菌目较远。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on reviewing study and development history of the biology of myxomycetes a general situation was systematically expounded from local to abroad. The cultures of 8 species of myxomycetes, belonging to Physarales and Trichiales, was proceeded in the laboratory. The life cycle of spore-to-spore were completed in agar culture in Petri dish.With the aid of stereo microscope, optical microscope and scanning electron microscope, the periduim, spore and capillitium of all 8 species of myxomycetes, including field collections and agar-development fruiting, were observed and compared from apparent morphology, microstructure to ultra-structure. The result shows that no apparent difference was ascertained between field collections and agar-culture fruiting. Agar-culture spores resemble those of on nature substrate in size, shape and ornamentation.Moist chamber cultures, oat-agar cultures, hanging drop cultures and scanning electron microscope were used to observe and study the life cycles of the myxomycetes. The general regulation, the distinct between Physarales and Trichiales and the difference among species in the life cycles of the myxomycetes were mastered. The result shows that the life cycle of all the species comprises a unicellular amoeboid or swarm cell stage, a multinucleate plasmodium stage and a sporulation stage. The life cycle begins from spore germination. Spore germination is split method in Physarales. At the earliest developmental stage of the myxomycetes, the un-nucleate amoeboid or swarm cells of all the species are similar to each other in the aspects of morphology, structure and habit. All the swarm cells have an obvious flagellum. Myxamoebaand swarm cell can change between each other.The experiment observation and research indicate that at the earliestdevelopmental stage of the plasmodium, myxomycetes of Physarales and Trichiales exist not only difference but also common characteristics. The appearance and structure of 7 species of Physarales which have been grown in culture, including Didymium iridis, are resemble. The plasmodium has a small colorless flatten aspect and a more or less round outline. Soon the plasmodium elongates and develops a definite channel in which the protoplasm begins to stream back and forth more or less rhythmically. One end of elongated structure soon becomeswider. Polarity has now been established and the plasmodium moves in the direction of its wider portion. The anterior portion now begins to take the shape of a fan. The differentiation of the plasmodia protoplast into a streaming and a non- streaming portion is vary definite. Because of the three dimensional structure and the granular protoplasm, the plasmodium can be identified even if within 1mm.At the earliest developmental stage of the plasmodium of Arcyria cinerea, has a homogeneous structure, a small colorless flatten aspect and a more or less strip or irregular outline. One end of elongated structure soon becomes wider. The anterior portion now begins to take the shape of a fan which has indefinite edge and indenture, but the polarity has now been established. The inner protoplasm has little amount granular material, the plasmodium can not be identified even if large.The difference and common characteristics of the mature plasmodia of Physarales and Arcyria cinerea were mastered. All the mature plasmodia of Physarales were typical phaneroplasmodium which exhibit a thick, large fan-shaped advancing edge consisting of a continuous sheet of protoplasm. In the sheet structure, the granular protoplasm is distinct. Behind the advancing edge, the network is composed of bigger, well-defined vein with open spaces between them. The general form of the plasmodium is maintained as it grows and moves across the plate, but the pattern of the veins in any one area is constantly changing.Compared to the mature plasmodia of Physarales, Arcyria cinerea forms a thick ,large fan-shaped advancing edge consisting of a continuous sheet of protoplasm which resemble the phaneroplasmodium. Bu更多还原