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量子分子动力学模型的发展及其在低能重离子反应中的应用

【作者】 王宁

【导师】 李祝霞;

【作者基本信息】 中国原子能科学研究院 , 粒子物理与原子核物理, 2003, 博士

【摘要】 低能重离子核反应中超重元素的合成机制研究、近垒熔合的动力学机制、丰中子核熔合的同位旋效应研究以及中能重离子碰撞中多重碎裂研究都迫切需要。一个统一的、自洽的微观动力学模型。我们经过对量子分子动力学(QMD)模型进行根本的改进,发展了一个新的、适用于低能以及中能重离子反应的统一描述的微观动力学模型。改进的量子分子动力学(ImQMD)模型能够将整个熔合反应过程中的动力学效应、同位旋效应以及弹靶质量不对称效应等比较全面地、自洽地考虑进来,从而给熔合反应的研究提供了一个新的途径。ImQMD模型有希望应用于超重合成机制的研究,同时它还能较好地描述多重碎裂过程,有可能也给中能重离子碰撞提供一个更好的理论模型。 我们对QMD模型进行了一系列的改进,发展了ImQMD-Ⅰ和ImQMD-Ⅱ模型。其中主要的改进工作包括:(1)引入由Skyrme相互作用直接推导得到的表面能项、动量相关项、表面对称能项以及库仑交换项。Skyrme的表面能项的引入能够很好地改进有限体系的密度分布,避免核中心的密度过高。我们通过Thomas-Fermi近似引入动量相关项来改善原子核的动量分布(特别是高动量部分)以及平均场的高密度行为。动量分布的改善使得核的稳定性得到根本的改善,单个原子核的稳定时间提高了大约一个数量级,而且中能重离子多重碎裂过程中的中等质量碎块分布也得到了明显改善。表面对称能项的引入对于正确描写熔合反应过程中颈部发展的同位旋效应十分重要,有效地改善了垒下以及丰中子核熔合截面的计算结果。另外,库仑交换项对改善核内质子的均匀分布以及单个核的稳定性是有益的。(2)采用相空间占有数约束方法。相空间占有数约束方法是利用两体弹性散射加上泡利阻塞效应来弥补和改善QMD模型中核子的费米子属性(波函数的反对称化)以及短程排斥的残余相互作用。采用这一方法以后,核的动量分布得到有效改善,特别是低动量分布更加符合真实原子核的动量分布。(3)引入体系大小相依赖的初始波包宽度。引入这种波包宽度一方面使得一系列轻核到重核的基态性质如结合能和方均根半径得到较大的改善,另一方面,这种波包宽度能够改善核的表面性质,使得核的密度分布更加合理,在描写熔合反应中有明显的改善作用。(4)调试出一套新的IrnQMD参数。基于几组新提出并广泛运用的Skyrllle参数(例如sLy7、sKM*),通过符合大量的核基态性质及一些熔合反应截面以及中能重离子多重碎裂的质量分布等,调试出适合于hnQMD模型的一组新的参数(IQI)。 改进的量子分子动力学(IinQMD)模型能有效地考虑核子的费米子属性使单个原子核的稳定性得到了极大的改善,能够较好地描述近垒熔合反应。ImQMD模型计算得到的一系列核的基态性质以及十多个熔合反应的激发函数(包括丰中子核熔合体系以及实验最新测量的’犯Sn+64Ni熔合体系)基本上都能与实验数据相当好地符合。我们发现熔合过程中的动态位垒与体系的入射能量、碰撞参数、体系的中子质子比 (N/Z比)以及体系的结构有着密切的关系。在一般情况下,体系的变形(拉长为长椭球并形成颈部)引起熔合过程中的动态位垒产生明显降低,从而导致垒下熔合截面增强。我们通过研究熔合反应中颈部的成长、颈部N/Z比的时间演化、核子转移以及颈部的核子流等颈部的动力学行为,我们发现颈部的成长与入射能量以及弹靶质量不对称性有着密切的关系。此外还发现丰中子核熔合中,颈部在成长的初始阶段形成了明显的中子流,造成反应中动力学位垒的降低,从而引起了大部分丰中子核熔合截面的增强(4sCa+48ca例外)。我们运用IinQMD一n模型研究了重核熔合过程中的准裂变过程以及部分体系的复合体系分裂过程。给出了准裂变与复合体系分裂的时间尺度。发现复合体系的寿命与体系的入射能量、碰撞参数、体系大小、体系形状以及体系的中子质子比有着明显的依赖关系,进一步的分析正在进行之中。

【Abstract】 We have developed a new microscopic dynamical model called improved quantum molecular dynamical model (ImQMD). This model can describe the fusion process at energies near the Coulomb barrier as well as the multifragmentation process at intermediate energies in heavy-ion collision (HIC) uniformly. In fusion reaction, the dynamical effects, isospin effects and mass asymmetry effects etc. can be treated comprehensively and self-consistently in ImQMD model, which offers a new way to study fusion reaction and to explore the mechanism of synthesis of superheavy elements hopefully.Our improvements mainly include: Updating the interaction and introducing the surface term, momentum dependent term and surface-symmetry term of Skyrme effective interaction; introducing system-size-dependent initial wave-packet width; performing the phase space occupation constraint, and proposing a new set of parameters for ImQMD model.The ImQMD model greatly improves the fermion properties of nuclei, the momentum distribution and density distribution of ground state nuclei, and thus increase the stability time of single nucleus by an order. By using this model, the ground state properties of nuclei and the Coulomb barrier can be described very well. We have applied it to fusion reactions at near-barrier energies, and find that in most case the cross sections of fusion reactions (including some of neutron-rich nuclei reactions and that of newly measured 132Sn+64Ni fusion reaction) can be reproduced remarkably well. It is encouraged that the ImQMD model can also reproduce the charge distribution in multifragmentation.By applying this model, the dynamical effects on fusion reactions at energies near the barrier are studied. We find that the dynamical barrier in fusion reaction is closely related to the incident energy, impact parameter, N/Z ratio as well as the structure of system. Generally speaking, the deformation of projectile and target (elongate to prolate ellipsoid) during fusion process can lower the dynamical barrier clearly and enhance the fusion cross section at subbarrier energies. We have further studied the dynamical behavior of the neck in fusion reactions, and find that the neck growth is closely related to the incident energy and mass-asymmetry and isospin of projectile and target. Through studying the neck dynamical behavior for neutron-rich nuclei fusion reactions, we have found that there exist neutron-flow (i.e. large N/Z ratio at neck region) at the early stage of fusion which cause the dynamical barrier lowering and thus enhance the fusion cross sections of most neutron-rich nuclei fusion reactions (48Ca+48Ca is an exception). In addition, the quasi-fission and breakup process in heavy nuclei fusion are studied by using our ImQMD-II model. The time of quasi-fission process and the dependence of lifetime of composite system on the incident energy, impact parameter, system size, shape and N/Z ratio of composite system are studied, and the further analyse is on progress.

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