【作者】 郭黎滨；

【导师】 孟庆鑫；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工程大学 ， 控制理论与控制工程， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 本论文研究中检索了大量科技文献，系统的分析了国内外大直径(内径和外径)测量技术的状况以及所达到的成熟程度。对国内外30种测量方法进行了分类和分析，提出本项研究所要解决的问题。 “标记法”是由项目组提出并获得国家专利授权的大直径测量方法。自提出后一直在探索和研究并取得了较大进展。本论文研究的内容是在以前研究的基础上，根据“标记法”测量原理，研究智能化、光机电集成、超大内外径都可在线测量的关键技术并制造出实用化大直径测量仪产品样机。测试精度要求达到国家标准IT6级。 基于在线非接触测量的要求，本论文提出了基准尺精确后退的想法，并以此建立数学摸型。为使数学模型在单片机上计算简便准确并不影响运算速度。提出了数值处理的二种方案。即用简单函数近似或逼近一个一般函数f(x)(主要有拉格朗日插值、牛顿插值、埃尔米特插值、三次样条插值等)和函数逼近(主要有切比雪夫多项式、勒让德多项式、拉盖尔多项式、最小二乘法等)，对上述两个方案中的典型函数—拉格朗日插值和切比雪夫多项式进行了分析比较，最后选取切比雪夫多项式完成单片机上的数值计算。实践证明，这是“标记法”大直径测量中准确、高效、快速的近似计算方法。 根据“标记法”测量原理，全面分析了系统中的随机误差和系统误差。找到了影响测量精度的因素，提出了减小测量误差的措施，并对误差进行了计算与合成。对不完整圆的位置、不完整圆的转动间隙、锁紧变形、基准尺调整、重复安装、电源电压波动、标记转动等随机误差进行了逐项分析，并给出转动标记随机误差的计算公式。对大直径测量仪的系统误差—基准尺尺架误差、滚轮直径误差、环境温度引起的误差、后退距离引起的误差、角度误差、数据采集电路延时误差、车床主轴回转误差、工件安装偏心误差分别进行了计算，最后对误差进行合成。 研究中对测量仪采用误差分布与大小去指导设计的方法。首先提出设计原则，特别是巨大内径和外径都可在线测量原则。然后根据误差计算确定系统的主要结构参数，又根据随机误差和系统误差产生的原因以及测试要求设计了测量仪的主要机构。包括信号测取机构、后退机构、调节与锁定机构、安装机构等。使大直径测量仪的各种误差控制在最小，测量范围最大(可达哈尔滨工程大学博士学位论文仍24000llnn)。从而提高了系统的整体精度和测试精度。最后设计出完整的电控系统硬件和软件，实现了智能化在线测量。 尤其是提出了基准尺调整后精确后退的思想，并通过外径百分尺、密珠轴系、千分表组成后退机构加以实现。同时以“无锁”代“锁”，使系统结构紧凑，受力小，消除了多项较大误差从而解决了测试精度低的关键问题。 为了检验测量原理、误差分析、系统设计的正确性，制造出完整的产品样机并进行实验室试验。针对大直径测量仪的运算精度，应用了四种粗大误差剔除方法(莱以特准则、罗曼诺夫准则、格鲁布斯准则、狄克松准则)来消除粗大误差的影响。数据处理时运用VC开发平台编制的数据处理软件对这四种处理方法进行了分析、比较，并提出了本系统中所采用的方法一修正的莱以特准则。 最后，对大直径测量仪在哈尔滨电机厂进行了加工现场实际测试和对比分析，证明该测量仪测试精度达到国家标准IT6级。更多还原

【Abstract】 During this research, a large number of science and technology literature are being inspected, a systematic analysis of the status and mature degree of domestic and international big diameter’ s the measure technology are being made, (inner diameter and outer diameter) what’s more, categorize and analyze 30 kind of domestic and international measure method, give what we want to resolve in this research."Marking method" is one kind of big diameter measure technology, being brought up by our team and having been authored the national patent. We kept on doing research on this method and have accept great progress. The working of this paper is on the basis of prevenient work. According to "marking method" principle, we research on the pivotal technology of intellectualize, light machine and electricity integration and super bigger inner diameter and outer diameter can be measure online, design the big diameter measure instrument model machine. After tested, this instrument’s precision is IT6 level (national standard).On the basis of request to untouch measure online, this paper put forward the method of "datum dimension precision back", and then the mathematics model is being established. In order to calculate easily and don’t influence the Single-chip microcomputer’s calculate velocity, we put forward two scheme to deal with the numerical value, one is to use a simple function to close or approach a normal function f (x) (mainly is Lagrange’s intepolation, Newton’s intepolation , Hermite’s intepolation, cubic spline interpolation, etc.) the other one is function approach(mainly is Chebyshev’s polynomic.Legendre’s polynomic, Laguerre’s polynomic, method of least squares, etc. ),we analyze and compare the Lagrange’s intepolation and Chebyshev ploynomic, at last, we select the Chebyshev polynomic to do the value calculating on Single-Chip Microcomputer. Being tested by practice, this multinomial is the nicety, efficiency and rapid approach calculated way to "marking method" big diameter measure.According to the theory of "marking method", we analyze completely the random error and system error, find the factors that influence the measure precision, put forward the measure to rainish error, at the same time calculate and compound the error. Analyze item by item the position of unintact cycle, the running clearance of unintact cycle, locking-deform, datum dimension regulating, repeatly install, power voltage wave and marking running etc. at the same time, we give the calculating formula to calculating the running marking random error, and use it to calculate the system error of big diameter measureinstrument--datum dimension frame error, gyro-wheel diameter error,error caused by circumstance temperature, error caused by backing distance, angle error, delay error of data collecting circuit, lathe main shaft running error, workpiece install partial error. At last, composed the error.In this research, error distribution and size is being used to design this measure instrument. First, we put forward design principle, especially the principle that big inner diameter and outer diameter can be measured on line, then determine the main parameter according to error calculate, and design the main mechanism of the measure instrument according to the reason of random error and system error raised. The main mechanism include signal measure and select mechanism, backing mechanism, regulating and locking mechanism, install mechanism, and so on. All these is to make all kinds of error of the instrument minimize and the measure range maxmize(can be 024000mm). At last, design electricity control system, including hardware and software, to make the error minimize, make the measure on-line come true.Especially, the idea of "datum dimension precision back" is being put forward, and this idea is being realized by backing composition composed by outer-diameter micrometer, airproofshafting, microwatch.at the same time, use "non-lock" to replace "lock", this way make the system compact, eliminate many bigger error an更多还原