【作者】 黄国强；

【导师】 董双林； 李德尚；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 水产养殖， 2003， 博士

【摘要】 本研究以中国对虾为研究对象，研究了其对不同饵料的选择性和利用，并用4种天然饵料和1种配合饲料分析了饵料中对其能量收支和身体组分产生重要影响的因子、不同摄食水平对其生长、能量收支和身体成分的影响、不同饵料及摄食水平对其蜕皮的影响、不同饵料搭配对其生长和饵料转化效率的影响。本研究还采用耗氧量测定和能量收支推算的方法研究了其表观特殊动力作用(SDA)。本研究不仅揭示了中国对虾摄食行为的某些重要的生理生态学机制，还在实验方法上有所创新，对对虾养殖生产中的饵料配制、加工、投喂技术具有一定的理论指导意义。 本研究的主要结果如下： 1 中国对虾对不同饵料的选择性和利用 在25℃条件下，分别用沙丁鱼肌肉(FF，除去头、内脏、骨、鳞、鳍的鱼)、鹰爪虾肌肉(SF，除去头、壳、内脏)、蛤蜊足部肌肉(CF，蛤蜊的斧足)、沙蚕(PW，日本刺沙蚕)、配合饲料(FD，海马牌配合饲料)和上述5种饵料的混合物(MD)投喂，研究了平均体重为1.530±0.047g(Mean±SE)的中国对虾对它们的利用和选择性。结果表明：CF和MD组的摄食率(FI)显著高于其它中国对虾(矛乞月ner’，enaeusch加en擂)摄食行为生理生态学的实验研究组;CF、PW和MD组的特定生长率(s GR)显著高于其它组，FF和SF组的SGR显著低于其它组;PW组的饵料转化效率(FCE)显著高于其它组，达到22.86士1.63%，FF和SF组的FCE最低，约为PW组的20~25%:在混合投喂(MD)组对虾摄食的饵料中，CF占最大比例(46.45士1.63%)，其次为PW(约30.88士2.06%)，FF和SF分别各占约13.07士0.46%和9.59士0，34%，不摄食配合饲料(FD)，对不同饵料表现出明显选择性，只摄食动物性饵料。在实验中中国对虾不遵循能量最大收益的最佳摄食理论，并表现出明显的脂肪对蛋白质的节约作用。2不同饵料对中国对虾能量收支和身体生化组成的影响采用沙丁鱼肌肉(FF)、鹰爪虾肌肉(SF)、菲律宾蛤仔足肌(CF)、沙蚕(Pw)和配合饲料(FD)5种饵料混合投喂(MD)设置6个处理，研究其对中国对虾能量分配及身体生化组成的影响。结果表明:中国对虾摄食不同的饵料后，能量分配出现显著差异;在身体的水分、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分含量和比能值上也产生显著差异。中国对虾对不同饵料的转化效率(FCE)和净转化效率(NCE)与饵料的粗脂肪含量(L)、能量蛋白比(GE/P)和脂肪蛋白比(L/P)的关系均得到了相应的数学模型，由这些模型得到了在最佳FCE和NCE时的最佳粗脂肪含量、能量蛋白比和脂肪蛋白比。在FCE和NCE分别以蛋白质和能量表示时最佳粗脂肪含量分别为23.01%、29.08%和19.82%、24.93%;在FCE和NCE分别以干物质、蛋白质和能量表示时最佳能量蛋白比为:36.1 LKJ/g、38.75KJ/g、37.22KJ/g和37.43KJ/g、38.49KJ/g、37.32KJ/g;在FCE和NCE分别以干物质、蛋白质和能量表示时最佳脂肪蛋白比分别为0.633、0.527、0.2“和0.619、0.626、0.271。本实验的研究结果表明，采用多种天然饵料来研究对中国对虾(矛乞月”‘几，enaeus chinen廊)摄食行为生理生态学的实验研究虾的营养需求和分析饵料中影响对虾对饵料的利用的主要因子是可行的。3摄食水平对中国对虾生长、能量收支和身体生化组成的影响 以每天投喂对虾湿体重的0、0.5%、1 .0%、1.5%、和过量5个水平投喂平均体重分别为2.988士0.2009、7.960士0.4509、14.177士0.8689、19.012士1.4139的中国对虾，研究中国对虾在不同摄食水平下的生长和饵料转化效率。对虾以湿重、干物质、蛋白质、能量形式表示的特定生长率(S GR)与体重(Isw)和摄食水平(RL)的关系可用模型SGR井Bo+B:X ISw+B:xRL很好地描述。不同规格的对虾以干物质、蛋白质、能量表示的饵料转化效率(F CE)与摄食水平(RL)的关系可以用模型FCE=B。+BI x LnRL描述。中国对虾生长能占摄食能的比例随摄食水平的提高而提高，呼吸、排泄、蜕皮能量占摄食能的比例随摄食水平的提高而下降。对虾身体的水分含量随摄食水平的提高而下降，而身体的蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、比能值则随摄食水平的提高而提高。中国对虾的维持摄食水平明显比同体重的鱼类高。4不同饵料和摄食水平对中国对虾蜕皮的影响采用鱼肉(FF)、虾肉(SF)、蛤肉(SF)、沙蚕(PW)和配合饲料(FD)投喂体重为1.530士0.0479中国对虾30d，并对体重分别为2.988士0.2009、7.960士0.4509、14.177士0.8689、19.012士1.4139的4个规格的中国对虾采用配合饲料分别按每天0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、过量5个摄食水平进行投喂28d，对中国对虾的蜕皮进行了研究。饵料种类对中国对虾的蜕皮次数(MT)、蜕皮量、蜕皮能占摄食能的比例及每次蜕皮的体重增长都有显著影响，实验期间中国对虾的蜕皮次数范围为2.31一98次，蜕皮能占摄食能的比例为1 .16一2.72%，每次蜕皮的体重增长为0.141一0.4889。不同摄食水平对中国对虾的蜕皮能占摄食能中国对虾(Fenner’，enaeus chinen沁)摄食行为生理生态学的实验研究的比例及每次蜕皮的体重增长都有显著影响，前者随摄食水平的提高而下降，后者随摄食水平的提高而增加。摄食水平对2.988?更多还原

【Abstract】 Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis, was used as a material to study in this study. The selection and use of different diets in Chinese shrimp was investigated and the dietary factors which affected the energy budget and body composition of Chinese shrimp significantly were also analyzed. The effects of different feeding levels on the growth, energy budget, and body composition of Chinese shrimp were studied. A study on the effects of different diets and feeding levels on the molt of Chinese shrimp was conducted. The different combinations of natural diets and formulated diet were used to study their effects on the growth and food conversion efficiencies. The apparent specific dynamic action (SDA) was studied in an experiment using methods of calculating from oxygen consumption and reckoning from energy budget. These studies were not just revealing the physical and ecological function of feeding behavior of Chinese shrimp. There were some innovations on experimental methods. Furthermore, the results of these studies were instructional to diet formulating, processing, and feeding in shrimp culture industry.The primary results of these studies were listed below.1. Selection and use of different diets in Chinese shrimpA 30-day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the dietary selectivity in Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Six groups of shrimp with initial body weight of 1.530?.047g (mean盨D, n=6) were used, in which the first five groups were fed to satiation with single diets of Fish Flesh (FF)-the flesh of sardine (Sardinella zunasi), which was got rid of head, scales, fins, bowels, and bones; Shrimp Flesh (SF) -the flesh of a small size shrimp (Trachypenaeuscurvirostris), which was got rid of head and shell; Clam Foot (CF) - the foot of clam (Ruditapes varigatd), which was cut from the clam; Polychaete Worm (PW) - Neanthes japonica worm; Formulated Diet (FD) - a commercial sold shrimp diet (Sea-Horse Brand; Producer: Fujian Mawei Unite Feed Ltd. Co., China; Ingredients: bean powder, fish powder, shrimp powder, compound vitamines, and compound minerals); and the last group received a mixed diet (MD) - the feeding trials were conducted simultaneously and shrimp were fed to satiation. The specific growth rate (SGR), food intake (FI), food conversion efficiency (FCE), and apparent digestive ratio (ADR) were determined. The results showed that specific growth rates of dry weight, protein and energy (SGRd, SGRp, and SGRe,) were highest in the MD fed group, food conversion efficiencies (FCEa, FCEp and FCR.) were highest at PW fed group. Food ingestion in terms of dry weight, protein, and energy were significant higher in CF and MD fed groups than others. The highest ADR was observed in CF fed group. In mixed diet feeding group, percentages of the five ingested diets to the total ingested amount based on dry material, protein, and energy were: FF-13.07%, SF-9.60%, CF-46.45%, PW-30.88% and FD-0%; FF-15.56%, SF-11.44%, CF-45.09%, PW-27.91% and FD-0%; FF-13.66%, SF-10.48%, CF-44.00%, PW-31.86% and FD-0%, respectively. This indicates that Chinese shrimp possess the ability to discriminate different diets. The optimal foraging strategy of Chinese shrimp in this experiment was to gain energy as much as possible in order to meet energy needs of variable physiological activities under the premise of maximizing growth. Additionally, the protein sparing effect of dietary FTP ratio and lipid content was also observed in this experiment.2. Effects of different diets on the energy budget and body biochemical composition of Chinese shrimpFive diets of fish muscle (FF), shrimp muscle (SF), clam muscle (CF), clamworm (PW) and formulated diet (FD) and mixed of them (MD) were fed to Chinese shrimp weighed 1.530?.047g for 30d. It was found that the model of distribution of ingested energy changed according to different diets and significant difference exists between different treatments. All of the moisture, protein, lipid, ash content, and gross energy content of different diets fed shri更多还原