【作者】 王斌；

【导师】 梁承谋；

【作者基本信息】 北京体育大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2002， 博士

【摘要】 本研究对运动直觉现象进行了实证和理论研究。研究首先从直觉的哲学背景出发，阐述和评价了一些哲学学派关于直觉的认识与主张，提出要转变直觉研究的认识论与方法论，采用客观、理性的理论与方法去研究直觉。接着，本研究综述了心理学各学派特别是认知心理学的直觉研究成果，认为可遵循其中的一些基本观点和方法进行运动直觉研究，如坚决运用实证的方法进行研究；把直觉看作是一种高级的问题解决能力，并且放在问题解决的背景中展开研究；使用专家—新手范式；强化任务难度；考察被试在解决任务时的自信心水平等。随后，本研究考察了运动直觉的研究现状，分析了已有研究存在的问题，确立了寻找运动情境中的典型直觉现象进行实证研究的基本思想。同时，本研究还借鉴了运动决策以及无意识与内隐认知的研究进展，试图对开放式运动项目中的直觉决策现象展开研究；提出“对直觉决策与认知决策进行对比，通过二者的差异来证明运动直觉决策的存在”的思路。经过上述分析思考，最终确定了实验研究构想，提出了一套实证研究运动直觉的较为适宜的理论、模式、方法与技术，给出了运动直觉决策的定义，突破了运动直觉难以实证研究的障碍。 研究者根据实验构想，自行设计和开发了运动情境决策测试系统(手球运动情境版)，结果表明，该测试系统克服了已有测试方法的不足，实现了预期的功能，具有较高的可信度与有效性，可直接与数据库连接，是一套标准化的、客观的和易于扩展的测试系统。 本研究区分出了运动决策中的两类不同决策：认知决策与直觉决策。通过实验证实了手球运动中直觉决策的存在，即：在快速、时间压力大和结果不确定(不可预测)的复杂手球运动情境中，个体特别是专家可以做出具有快速、直接和或然性(高于随机概率而又并非百分百准确)特点的决策。 本研究证实：手球运动中的认知决策和直觉决策任务是两类不同性质的任务，个体在这两类任务上的作业绩效存在差异，专家在直觉决策任务上决策速度要快于其在认知决策任务上的决策速度。不同运动水平的个体其决策准确性不同，专家在认知决策和直觉决策任务上的决策准确性要好于新手。 本研究还证实：专家具有与其决策准确性相匹配的自信心水平；决策的准确性与决策的速度之间具有相互制约的关系，认知决策和直觉决策任务的同一指标之间有较高的相关。 本研究提出，专家在运动情境中表现出的较好的直觉决策绩效得益于他们具有较高的信息加工水平、采用了较优的解决问题策略和具有独特的逻辑机制。 本研究初步建构了运动直觉的理论，提出了一些观点与认识，如：1)运动直觉是个体在复杂的运动情境中，根据有限的信息，对问题进行直接地和迅速地解决的思维。2)运动直觉具有直接性、快速性、或然性、情境性、运动水平差异性、信息受限性和直觉过程伴随着对结果正确性的自信心等特点。3)运动直觉是独立的直觉的下位概念，是认知技能的较高水平，在运动思维中占有着独特的地位。4)运动直觉存在着运动水平差异、个体差异，项群差异和发展差异。5)运动直觉的影响因素包括社会性与习得性因素、生物性因素和情境性因素。更多还原

【Abstract】 Sport intuition was studied in this paper with the empirical and theoretical methods. First of all, on the background of the philosophy researches about intuition, this study illuminated and analyzed the points of views about intuition from different schools of philosophy, put forward to change the epistemology and methodology of intuition research and to study intuition by the objective and rational theory and methods. Then this study reviewed the literatures about intuition from some schools of psychology, esp. cognitive psychology, and brought forward that some basic points of view and methods shall be followed in the study about sport intuition, such as to study intuition by the empirical methods, to take intuition as an advanced ability of problem-solving and make a research in the situation of problem-solving, to take an expert-novice paradigm, to reinforce the task difficulty and to explore the self-confidence level when subjects solves the task. And this study analyzed the status of sport intuition and problems that existed in the literatures, and established the thought to look for the typical intuitive phenomena in the sport situation for an empirical research. At the same time this study used the research headway of sport decision-making, unconsciousness and implicate cognition for reference and tried to study the intuition phenomena in the open sport events, put forward the thinking way to prove the existence of intuitive decision-making in sport by the comparison and the difference between intuitive decision-making and cognitive decision-making. On the basis of the above analysis and thinking, this study made an experiment construction certain, brought forward a suitable set of theory, model, methods and techniques for an empirical research of sport intuition, gave a definition of the intuitive decision-making in sport and brought through the block for sport intuition not to be easily studied.Handball Situation Decision-making Test System was designed and exploited. The results showed that the system is an objective, standard test system with high validity and creditability, which satisfied the demand of the study, realized the predicted functions and can be connected with database and can be easily extended.This study divided decision-making into cognitive decision-making and intuitive decision-making in sport. It proved that intuitive decision-making existed in the sport of handball. That is to say, the individuals, esp. experts can make a rapid, direct and probable (higher than the random probability and not completely exact) decision in the rapid, uncertain (not to be predicted), complex handball situation under the heavy time stress.This study proved that the intuitive decision-making and the cognitive decision-making were the two different tasks with different characters, which the speed of experts in the intuitive decision-making was more rapid than that in the cognitive decision-making. The individuals of different levels had different veracities in the decision-making, which the veracities of experts were better than that of novices in the intuitive decision-making and the cognitive decision-making. This study also proved that the level of self-confidence of the experts matched with the veracity of their decision-making. The speed and veracity of decision-making were restricted each other, and there was a higher relationship between the same index of the cognitive decision-making and the intuitive decision-making.This study set up the theory of sport intuition primarily and put forward some point of view such as: (1) Sport intuition is a kind of thinking for athletes to solve the problem directly, rapidly with the limited information in the complex sport situation. (2) Sport intuition has some characters such as rapidness, probability, directness, situational, difference among sport levels, limitation for information, intuition process with the self-confidence to the veracity of results. (3) Sport intuition belongs to the hypogenous concept of intuition, which is an advanced level更多还原