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中国股票市场有效性分析与实证研究

Market Efficiency in Chinese Stock Market: Analysis and Empirical Study

【作者】 张兵

【导师】 张景顺;

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 , 农业经济管理学, 2002, 博士

【摘要】 本论文研究的主题是中国股市的有效性。判断一个金融体系的好坏,唯一的标准就是该体系的效率高低。作为金融业的重要组成部分,股票市场作用的充分发挥也是依赖于其有效性的高低。我们认为研究中国股票市场有效性问题本身具有基础性的理论意义;而市场有效性问题更多地表现为一个实证问题,即检验现实股票市场是否有效,本研究将对实证检验方法进行归纳,并实际运用。同时新兴的中国股票市场有效性如何是学术界和证券界关注的热点,本研究将着力于中国股市有效性的实证研究,力求使我们的研究方法科学、严谨,以求得到更准确的结论,并使得政策建议的基础更加牢固。 股票市场有效性具有独特的内涵,本文将其分为信息有效性与资源配置有效性。如果在考虑风险因素和交易成本后,不能根据公开信息获得超额利润,我们就认为股市达到了信息有效性;如果股票价格充分反映了上市公司经营绩效,能够作为信号引导社会资源优化配置,我们认为股市达到了资源配置有效性。 信息有效性理论经过法玛等人的贡献已经成熟。本研究正是在该框架下考察中国股票市场的状况,而市场有效性的假定条件是完全信息和充分竞争,同时市场主体是理性的。因此,我们的实证研究和结果可以说是市场有效理论在中国的运用研究。但是,我们在得出结论时必须结合中国股票市场的制度特征。中国股市在制度设计上的固有缺陷,政府为股市发展提供了隐性担保。股票市场的高度市场化特征与计划性管理政策之间的不协调日益突出。 资源配置有效性是股票市场的功能效率,只有当价格围绕价值波动,而且上市公司管理层和机构投资者有激励积极制造股价信息时,价格信号才能对资源配置起到比较好的引导作用。 本研究正是以股票市场效率为中心线索的。本研究在重视定性分析的同时,特别加强了实证分析的力量。因为股票市场有效性更多地表现为一个实证问题,而多种经济计量学方法的运用也是本研究的特色。除导论外,本论文共分八章,所做的研究主要涉及市场有效性的研究背景、市场有效性文献回顾与理论构建、中国股票市场信息有效性的弱式有效检验、半强式检验(事件研究法)、内幕信息研究、分 中国股市有效性分析与实证研究形市场特征研究、资源配置有效性研究,最后提出对策性思考。 本研究得出如下主要结论: 1、股票市场有效性是一个涵义广泛的概念,具有自身独特的体系结构。我们认为将其分为信息有效性和资源配置有效性是合理的,信息有效性是指股票价格及时充分地反映了相关信息;而资源配置有效性则是市场功能效率,即价格信号是否能引导资源实现优化配置。信息效率是股票市场效率体系的基石,是该体系的核心, L也是资源配置效率得以实现的必要条件。而资源配置效率是股市的功能效率。 2、信息有效性的核心是股票价格的随机性。对信息不断追逐的竞争机制提供了效率的制约与平衡.信息有效性表明金融世界不存在免费午餐。但信息有效性隐含着三个前提:信息是完全的、对称的;投资者是理性的;证券市场是完全竟争的。 3、中国股票市场弱式有效性检验发现:运用分年度和累计年度检验得到中国股票市场从 19 9 7年开始已经达到了弱式有效。中国股票市场指数收益具有时变性(波动性)同时表现出“高峰肥尾,微弱却持久记忆,波动集群”。枝术分析指标在中国股票市场具有较显著的应用效果,不论运用动平均线指标还是支撑阻力线指标都能获得超额收益,但是技术分析在1997年后效果不再明显。我国股票市场总体上具有显著的星期效应,星期五收益最高,而星期一、二收益低,但星期效应在1997年以后逐渐消失。 4、我国股市尚未达f1)半强式有效。对股票股利分配预案研究发现股票价格并未对这一公开信息迅速地反应,而是存在反应不足,或者提前反应(信息泄露);对股票盈余公告的事件研究发现,基于盈余信息披露的信息可以获得超额利润,即股市未达到半强式有效。 5、分形市场理论是在放松市场信息有效性前提条件下研究市场结构特征。我国深沪两市指数和个股收益的周数据及日数据序列均发现了明显的循环周期,时间序列是一个有偏的随机游走过程。 6、我国股市资源配置有效性不高。对中国股票二级市场价格研究发现,股票收益率更多地取决于市场的波动与市场热点的转换,而与上市公司本身绩效的关系并不显著。我们运用持续期限分析法证实了中国股票市场存在着明显的泡沫。我们认为,资金来源于国有机构,投资渠道单一,独特的股权结构及追逐价差为动力的二级市场特征是中国股市泡沫的制度原因。同时,我们认为中国股票市场要达到有效,信息含量增强。必须对做市商、投资机构和上市公司经理进行足够的激励。

【Abstract】 The subject of my PhD. Dissertation is on the market efficiency of Chinese Stock Market.Since the establishment of Shanghai Securities Exchanges in 1990 and Shenzhen in 1991, China’s stock market recorded impressive growth in its first decade. Both markets have enormously grown in terms of the number of companies listed and market capitalization. Only after 11 years’ development, listed companies exceeded 1, 100, which makes Chinese stock market No.6 in the world in the aspect of numbers of listed companies.In my research, market efficiency is divided into information efficiency and resource allocation efficiency. Information efficiency refers to the efficiency market hypothesis (EMH), which has been one of the most popular research areas in finance. The general conclusion from numerous studies in developed countries, beginning with Fama (1970) is that the weak form of market efficiency holds. Fama hypothesized that if a market is weak form efficient, the historical information of past prices cannot be used to exploit a regular return pattern for obtaining abnormal returns. Based on the Fama’s framework, my research applies it to the empirical studies of Chinese Stock Market.From my research, Chinese Stock Market has been week-form efficiency since 1997.After 1997, the weekend effect disappeared and technical analysis becomes unusefulness. I also exam prices reactions to stock dividend announcements and earnings announcements. The conclusion is that Chinese Stock Market is not semi-strong efficient. My research finds the strong evidence of the existence of insider trading.Chinese government plays an important role, its intervene strongly affects markets.Besides,I find fractal structure in Chinese markets; there are memories in stock returns.As to the research of allocation efficiency. I find that the stock prices in secondary market have little correlation with the company’ earnings and mainly influenced by the market fluctuation and the switch of market hits. Besides, I find strong evidence of bubbles in Chinese stock Markets. In conclusion, the allocation efficiency is quite low.The dissertation is composed of preface and eight chapters; the main contents in each chapter are as follows:Chapter One reviews the history of the Chinese Stock Market and points the main problemswhich include non negotiating of state-owned shares; the low quality of listed companies;the unified market; and security regulation.Chapter Two is about the theories of market efficiency. I make paper reviews and givemathematics describe of the definition.In Chapter Three, I do empirical analysis of weak form efficiency of the market. And inthe following Chapter Four and Five, Semi-strong efficiency (event study) and Strongform efficiency (insider trading test) has been tested.Chapter Six applies the challenging theory - fraction theory to the analysis of the market.And the conclusion is that Chinese stock Market is a fractional random walk.Chapter Seven discusses allocation efficiency of the market.Chapter Eight puts forward some suggestions.With such wide-ranging and complex theories and practice in stock market, my papermakes a systematic and in-depth study only from specific aspect- market efficiency and the efforts in innovation are still limited. Further researches are needed.

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