普遍主义的贫困

【作者】 马德普；

【导师】 徐大同；

【作者基本信息】 天津师范大学 ， 政治学理论， 2002， 博士

【副题名】自由主义政治哲学研究

【摘要】 普遍主义是西方文化传统的一个显性基因，也是自由主义的一个基本要素。本文用历史唯物主义的观点探讨了西方自由主义普遍主义的社会和历史根源，分析了自由主义普遍主义的三种主要论证形式——自然法、功利主义和价值多元论，以及它们的一些变种，揭示了每种形式面临的困境及其论证的失败。最后指出了，自由主义普遍主义的危害，普遍主义思维方式的认识根源和误区，以及人类普遍性关系发展的历史性。 全文共分五章。第一章探讨了西方文化中的普遍主义传统，以及这种传统形成的历史根源。其中，古希腊自然哲学对本原与永恒的探索，柏拉图对善的普遍理念的探讨，斯多葛派的世界理性和世界国家思想，基督教神学的一神论与永恒法观念等，都是西方传统中的普遍主义的具体表现。除了自然哲学以外，其它都强调善(价值)的普遍性和绝对性，并在基督教那里发展到极端，最后，以宗教迫害和宗教战争，宣告了价值普遍主义的破产。 第二章探讨了自由主义普遍主义的第一种形式——自然法学说，及其它所坚持的普遍主义宪政原则；分析了它的特点，即它对人性、人权和规范的普遍主义看法；揭示了它的意义和根本缺限。 第三章论述了19世纪历史主义的兴起及其对自由主义的冲击，以及自由主义对这种冲击的回应。这种回应一方面表现为贡斯当和托克维尔对自由主义的历史解释，另一方面，更重要的表现为边沁和密尔的功利主义解释。作为自由主义普遍主义的第二种主要论证形式，功利主义既为自由主义注入了一些活力，也给自由主义普遍主义带来了更大的危机。 第四章重点分析了自由主义普遍主义的第三种主要论证形式——伯林的价值多元论，指出了价值多元论给普遍主义带来的更大冲击。同时，分析了哈耶克、诺齐克带有综合性的论证方式和罗尔斯的新自然法理论的论证方式，揭示了所有这些为自由主义普遍主义进行的论证的失败。 第五章主要剖析了自由主义普遍主义的社会历史根源，以及它所体现的资产阶级利益的特殊性；同时，揭露了它与殖民主义、帝国主义和霸权主义等的内在联系。在分析普遍主义的认识根源及其误区的基础上，指出了历史主义和实践哲学是普遍主义的解毒剂。最后，依据历史主义的观点，阐明了人类社会中的普遍性的历史性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Universalism is not only a distinct gene of western cultural tradition, but also an elementary constituent of liberalism. With the historical materialism, this dissertation explores the social andhistorical root of western liberal universalism, analyses three primary patterns of argumentation------natural law, utilitarianism, value pluralism, and some of their mutation, opens out the difficulty every pattern faces and its failure of argumentation. At last, this dissertation points out the dangers of the liberal universalism, cognitive origins and errors of the way of the universalistic thought, and the historicity of development of the human universal relation.This dissertation includes five chapters. In the fist chapter, the author discusses the universalism tradition in the western culture and the historical origin of its forming. Ancient Greek nature philosophy exploring the origin and perpetuity, Plato discussing the universal conception of the good, Stoic thoughts of cosmopolitan reason and cosmopolitan nation, and the conception of Christian monotheism and perpetual law are all specific representation. Except for the nature philosophy, the others emphasize the universality and absoluteness of the good (value) , which come into being the extreme in the Christian, at last, the bankrupt of value universalism were pronounced by the religious persecution and war.In the second chapter, the author discusses the first form of liberal universalism------natural lawthoughts and universalistic principle of constitution that it insists on; analyses its universalistic opinion of the humanity, human rights and norm; opens out its significance and fundamental limitation.In the third, the author discusses the rising of historicism in 19th century and its attack on liberalism, including liberal response for the attack. On the one hand, the response was represented by Constant and de Tocqueville’s historical explanation of liberalism; on the other hand, it was more weightily represented by Bentham and Miller’s explanation of utilitarianism. As the main form of argumentation of the liberal universalism, utilitarianism not only infuses some energy into the liberalism, but also brings more greatly crisis for the liberal universalism.In the forth, the author emphatically analyses the third form of argumentation------Berlin’svalue pluralism, points out its great attack on the universalism. At the same time, the author analyses the form of Hayek and Nozich’s synthetic argumentations and Rawls’s argumentation in new natural law form, opens out their failures of argumentation for the liberal universalism.In the fifth, the author analyses the social and historical roots of the liberal universalism, and the particularity of the bourgeoisie interests it represents; at the same time, the author discloses the inherent relations between liberal universalism and colonialism, imperialism and hegemony. On the basis of analyzing cognitive origins and mistakes of the universalism, the author points out that the historism and practice philosophy are the antidote of the universalism. Lastly, the author clarifies the historicity of universality in the human society according to the historism.更多还原