心神理论研究

【作者】 朴顺天；

【导师】 鲁兆麟； 张其成；

【作者基本信息】 北京中医药大学 ， 中医医史文献， 2002， 博士

【摘要】 本文运用文字学、哲学、天文学、心理学的研究方法，广泛收集有关“心主神明”理论的各家学术观点及其文献资料，对“心”、“神”、“心主神明”、“心主神”与“脑主神”、“心主神”与“五脏藏神”等问题，进行了系统研究。其主要内容与结论如下： 1、从字源、字形、字义上考察，“心”指实体的心脏和心理活动。从古代哲学考察，儒家把心看作主体道德修养，看作先验的道德本性；道家认为作为宇宙本源的“道”，要通过“心”才能体悟，在后世道教中“道”是最根本最重要的概念，认为道就是“心”；佛教以心为一切精神现象的总称，泛指一切精神现象。从《内经》上考察，心是五脏之一，既主管血脉，又统率其它脏腑，并主宰神明。 2、从字源、字形、字义上考察，“神”从示申。申，电也。电，变化莫测，加示为神，引申为神灵的意思。又指主宰，即主宰天地自然变化。《内经》中的“神”含义复杂，就人体而言有广义与狭义之别，广义之“神”指整个人体生命活动的外在表现，狭义之“神”特指人体的精神思维活动。 3、中医学“心主神(神明)”命题是指“心”主管人的生命活动，特别强调主宰人的思维意识活动。“五脏藏神”命题是指“心”和肝、脾、肺、肾共同贮藏人的精神意识。两者关系为：心神统管五脏神，五脏神归属于心神。心既可贮藏最高层次的神，又可主管五脏共藏的神。“心主神”的“神”是广义之“神”，既包括神魂魄意志，又包括其他生命活动力；“五脏藏神”中“心藏神”的“神”是狭义的“神”，在五神中居于最高层次。 4、本研究认为，“心主神明”是天人合一思想的产物，而它以取象比类的逻辑推理方法来推论脏腑的生理功能。从文字、文献来看，古人认为神就是太阳。太阳是自然界的主宰者，心脏是人体生命活动的主宰者。《黄帝内经》所说的“神”包括天地之神(太阳)和人身之神(心)两个方面。从太阳的作用上推导出心是生命的根本，是人体生机气化的重要中枢，是神灵思维的出处，心主宰了人体一切神机变化。就形态学的“心”而言，现代实验研究表明，心脏不但主宰生命活动，而且主管情志、思维、意识活动。现代时间生物学的研究也证明，太阳与人体之间(特别是心)有一定的关系，而人体的生理、病理都受太阳的影响。 5、本研究讨论了心脑共主神明的问题，提出“心神为体，脑神为用”的命题。在思维意识活动过程中，心与脑的关系是心为体，脑为用。脑在功能上是阴阳气血精明流注的通道，是五脏发挥功能的通道，而且又贮藏精髓，是神汇注之处。心是五脏六腑之大主，而主神明，神有主导形的作用。心是神明所出之根，脑是神明流注之所。因此，所有的五脏功能表现“神明之体藏于心，神明之用发于脑。”现代研究也证明心脏对脑和人的精神活动具有重要的控制和调节作用，心脏还参与思维意识活动。心脏是生命代谢的中枢，脑的功能必须依赖于心脏的指令。更多还原

【Abstract】 All kinds of academic viewpoints and materials of ancient books and records about the theory of "The heart is in charge of mental activities" were gathered extensively to make systematic research on the issue as "heart (heart organ and mind)", "spirits (mental activities)". "The heart is in charge of mental activities" or "The brain is in charge of mental activities". "The heart is in charge of mental activities" or "The five organs are in charge of mental activities" etc in this thesis by means of the studying methods in terminology, astronomy, philosophy and psychology. The main contents and conclusions are as follows:1. "The heart organ" indicates the solid heart and mental activities from the derivation . morphology and meaning of the word. In the ancient philosophy, the Confucianists regarded "heart" as individually moral cultivation and a priori moral nature; The Taoist regarded it as the root of doctrine and morals which have not only the meaning of noumenon but a thinking and consciousness activity; The Buddhist regarded it as the total designation of all mental phenomena. "The heart" is one of the five organs and is in charge of not only the blood and meridian but also mental activities in Huangdi’s Internal Classic( 獺uangdineijing?) .2. " Spirits"derive from representation(shi) and electricity(shen) which indicates that it is too prone to changing to be foreseen. It is "The spirits" when shi and shen were put together to form a total word. The extending meaning of "The God(shen)" is "God" or miracle. It also indicates dominating, that is, dominating the change of the world and the nature. The meaning of "The God(mental activities)"is complicated in Huangdi s Internal Classic( 獺uangdineijing)> ) .and has the difference of the extensive and limited meaning concerning the human body. "The God(mental activities)"indicate the external presentations of the total life activities in extending meaning and psychological consciousness activities specially in limited meaning.3. The issue of "The heart is in charge of mental activities" in Chinese medicine and indicates that the heart organ is in charge of the life activities especially man’s thinking consciousness activities. The issue of "The five organs are in charge of mental activities" indicates that the Heart stores man’s thinking and consciousness activities together with the Liver, the Spleen, the Lung and the Kidney organ. The relation of the former and the latter is as follows: "The heart is in charge of mental activities" totally takes charge of "The five organs are in charge of mental activities" and the latter subjects to the former. The Heart not only stores the mental activities of the highest level but also takes charge of the mentalactivities, which is stored in five organs. The meaning of the "God(mental activities )" in "The Heart is in charge of mental activities" is extensive which contains not only mental activities(shen)> soul(hun) ?spirit(po) > consciousness(yi) and will(zhi)but also other life activities. The meaning of God(mental activities) of "The Heart is the seat of mind" in "The five organs are the seats of mind" is limited which is in the highest level in five kinds of emotions.4. We considers that "The Heart is in charge of mental activities" is outcomes of the thought which the nature integrates with the human being. It deduced the physiological function of (Zang and Fu) organs from the logic methods, which it knows things by analogy. The forefathers considered God(mental activities) as the sun from the word > the ancient books and records which is the dominator of the nature, while the Heart is the dominator of the life activities of the human body. The God(mental activities) in Huangdi’s Internal Classic( 獺uangdineijing?)contains the God of the nature(sun) and the God(mental activities)of the human body(the Heart), It deduced that the Heart is the root of life and the important center of vitality and energy metabolism and the origin of the consciousness from the action of the sun更多还原