下岗职工的社会资本与再就业

【作者】 赵延东；

【导师】 李培林；

【作者基本信息】 中国社会科学院研究生院 ， 应用社会学， 2001， 博士

【摘要】 下岗职工的再就业问题引起了全社会的普遍关注，有关研究也数量不菲，但却少有对职工再就业的过程进行深入分析的研究。本文运用近年来学界讨论较多的“社会资本”概念，对职工再就业的求职过程进行了较全面的探讨。研究中，社会资本被定义为下岗职工从自身社会网络中所可能获取的资源。笔者改变了以往国内外有关研究中仅关注求职时实际使用的网络关系的研究模式，将社会资本分解为“拥有社会资本”总量与“求职过程中实际使用的社会资本”两部分，分别探讨了它们在职工再就业求职过程中的作用情况。 在论文的第二至五章中，笔者使用社会网络分析的方法对职工所拥有社会资本总量情况进行了测量分析，并归纳出拥有社会资本在求职过程中的三个基本效应：网络规模效应、网络密度效应和网络资源效应。同时，笔者还将社会资本与职工拥有的人力资本（即职工在教育、职业技能等方面的投资积累）和体制资本（即职工在计划体制的权力结构中所占据的资源）情况结合起来，分析了以上个人资本对职工再就业的过程和结果的影响。分析从以下三个方面展开： 第三章探讨了职工拥有社会资本及其它个人资本对其再就业的保留工资设定的影响。研究结果表明，职工求职时为自己设定的保留工资（即就业时所能接受的最低工资水平）在很大程度上受到其拥有的社会资本和社会网络情况的影响。不仅如此，职工个人资本对保留工资的作用还随着我国劳动力市场制度建设的完善表现出不同的变化趋势，社会资本的作用逐渐减弱，而人力资本的作用有显著增强。 第四章探讨了职工个人资本对其再就业机会获得情况的影响。结果发现职工拥有的社会资本对职工获得再就业机会起着重要而且稳定的作用，而他们拥有人力资本和体制资本的作用相对来说则是不明显的。 在第五章中，笔者根据职工拥有的社会资本和其它个人资本对再就业获得新职业的工资收入、职业声望和职业满意度等因素的影响，分析了个人资本对再就业质量的作用。从研究结果看，拥有社会资本对再就业的质量作用较大，但随着劳动力市场制度的建设，其作用有逐渐减弱的趋势。体制资本对再就业质量作用较微弱。而人力资本不仅作用明显，而且这种作用随劳动力市场的建设成熟变得越来越大了。 在文章的第六、七两章中，笔者从职工求职时是否使用了社会关系网络途径、求职时从社会网络中获取的资源和求职时使用关系人的情况等几个方面对职工再就业过程中所实际使用的社会资本进行了分析。研究结果表明：虽然下岗职工再就业找工作的过程中更多地使用了社会网络途径，而且使用网络途径也确实更容易获得再就业，但使用网络途径的职工得到工作的质量却是较差的，笔者认为这反映了社会资本作为非正式制度的局限性。 第八章是对以往研究中两个关于“关系强度”命题的检验；一个是“关系强度作用受个人网络位置影响”的命题，另一个是“强关系不能充当联接不同社会群体的关系桥”的命题。从本次研究的结果看，这两个命题未得到经验材料的证实。笔者对此的看法是；首先，关系强度作用更多地是受到个人社会地位而非网络位置的影响，弱关系对于打会地位高的人更有效，而强关系对干社会地位较低者更有意义。其次，强关系同样可以充当“关系桥”，前提是强关系人有过杜会流动的经历。 在论文的结语部分，笔者在对研究进行总结和讨论的基础上，对论文的政策忖含义进行了引申，并提出了相应的政策建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 The re-employment of laid-off workers in China has become a serious social problem that drew the attention of the government and the public. This dissertation is an endeavor to study the process of the job search process and re-employment of laid-off workers, using the theoretical perspective of social capital which focuses on the accessible resource embedded in one’s social network. In this dissertation, I specifically distinguish the different effect of possessed social capital and used social capital in one’s job search process. The former refers to the total amount of embedded network resources, while the later refers to the social capital actually used when one was trying to get a job.In the first five chapters, I test three hypotheses about the effect of possessed social capital on the re-employment of laid-off workers, namely the network size effect, network density effect, and embedded network resource effect. The results of multiple linear regression analysis show that the size effect and density effect is not significant, while the embedded resources effect is very prominent. To get a further understanding of re-employment of laid-off workers, I also involve the human capital and institutional capital as independent variables in regression analysis. The results show that human capital is a very important variable in explaining the result of re-employment. However, institutional capital shows minor effect on the re-employment of laid-off workers.In chapter 6 and chapter 7, the research mainly focuses on the used social capital in the re-employment. I analyze the use of social network channel, the resources flowing in the network, and the characteristic of contact in the job search process of the laid-off workers. I find that the network channel is more frequently used by these workers, and the use of network channel will increase the probability of re-employment. However, those workers who used network channel generally get worse jobs, i.e., jobs with lower income and lower prestige. I also find that the workers tend to get "influence", instead of "information", from the network. Although weak-tie-contacts are more frequently used by laid-off workers, their effect on re-employment are not significant, which provide no support for the-strength-of-weak-tie hypothesis proposed by Granovetter. However, in chapter 8,1 find that tie strength has different effect on different social groups. For people in higher social status, weak ties are more useful, while people in lower social status will use strong ties more frequently because, with few social resources, they have to depend on the obligations based on kinship or emotional interaction. In chapter 8 I also proved that the strong tie is capable of becoming the bridge that links two different social groups, in the premise that the strong tie contact has the experience of social mobility.China’s social transition is the institutional background of my study. Therefore, the different effect of social capital in different period of labor market construction is also a focus of this dissertation. I found that the significance of social capital in the process of re-employment is fading with the construction of labor market, while human capital become more and more important in this process. These results show that China is steadily stepping into a market society.更多还原