商事人格权论

【作者】 程合红；

【导师】 江平；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 民商法， 2001， 博士

【副题名】人格权的经济利益内涵及其实现与保护

【摘要】 “商事人格权”是一个未见诸于法律和法学教科书中的新概念。它的提出，是基于在财产与人格领域，存在着一些在现代商业社会中日益重要的个体利益现象，而这种利益又是单纯用传统的财产权或人格权概念所不能完全解释和充分保护的。本文以商事人格权为题，便是试图对这种兼具人格与财产双重属性的个体利益现象的法理解释与法律保护，提供一个新的视角。文中第一章为“导论”，以实例的形式提出传统人格权制度与理论在现代商业社会实践中所面临的诸多问题，如人格权是否包含经济利益内涵，那些广泛应用于商业活动的人格权的法律性质究竟为何，人格权能否转让、继承，如何更充分地保护被商业利用的人格权等。在简要说明传统民法面临这些问题而存在的理论困惑后，提出了做为功能性概念的商事人格权的理论思路。所谓商事人格权，简单地说就是自然人、法人为维护其人格中具有经济利益内涵和商业价值的特定人格利益而享有的一种民（商）事权利。提出这一概念的意义在于：一是有助于揭示人格权与财产权之间的新关系；二是引起人们对人格权中经济利益内涵的重视；三是为人格权的商业利用提供理论基础和制度架构；四是强调了对人格权中利益内涵的全面保护。第二章从私权体系及其演变方面论述了商事人格权观念产生的历史基础，指出商事人格权是财产权与人格权发展、变化而相交汇的产物。文中首先论述了人格权的一般原理及其发展趋势，指出在一些自然人人格权和法人人格权中，已经包含有经济利益内涵在内；接着论述了财产权的发展——从有形到无形，对财产内涵、无形财产、知识产权进行了考察分析，指出一种独立于知识产权的新的财产权类型——人格型无形财产权已经出现，如美国法中的“公开权”，德国学者提出的“做为财产权的人格权。”最后，文章对有关财产权与人格权关系变化的若干观点进行了整理，并在方法论的基础上论述了商事人格权做为人格权与财产权之间的过渡类型或混合类型的权利属性。第三章对商事人格权的客体形式进行了分别论述。首先以美国法中公开权的保护对象为例，论述了做为商事人格权客体形式的自然人姓名、肖像权等人格标识；对能够为商业性使用、并能为商事人格权保护的人格标识的范围、种类及性质进行了论述；并指出真正做为商事人格权客体的，不是自然人具体有形的画像和组成姓名的文字等人格标识本身，而是它们所标识的人格，是一种特定的无形商品。文章接着对商号进行了论述，分析了商号与其相近的概念的异同；考察了美国、法国、德国法律对商号的规定；对商号的属性进行了简要分析，认为商号的属性不受是否登记的影响，具有人格属性，是一种无形财产，并具有信息性。随后，文章分析了商誉概念的含义及其不确定性，论述了商誉与名誉的关系、商誉与其载体之间的关系，主张应将商誉从现行的名誉制度中分离出来，以更好地维护这种具有财产价值的人格利益。在对信用的论述中，探讨了信用的含义，认为它是指对一个人（自然人、法人）履行义务能力、特别是偿债能力的一种社会评价，主张信用也应从现行法的名誉概念中分离出来，并与商誉相区别；认为信用做为商事人格权的客体，具有人格性、财产性和信息性三种法律属性。最后，对商业秘密的人格属性进行了探讨，认为并非所有的商业秘密都只具有财产属性，尚有一部分具有商业价值的秘密信息，还具有人格属性，后者才是做为商事人格权客体的商业秘密。第四章论述了人格权经济利益内涵的表现形式。在概述了商事人格权经济价值特点<WP=3>后，对信用评级、信用调查和商誉、商号、商业秘密的价值评估依次进行了法律分析，并指出了当前我国信用评级与商誉评估中存在的突出法律问题，如信用评级虚假、商誉评估不实等。第五章探讨了商事人格权的转让与继承问题。在论述了商事人格权可转让性的理论基础后，分别对授权许可、权利转让和继承三种转让的法律形式进行了论述。其中，对做为人格权“限制性转让”形式的授权许可的法律效力问题进行了探讨，并分析了做为授权许可合同特殊形式的特许经营、赞助用名以及将个人姓名许可他人做为商号使用的法律责任问题。第六章论述了商事人格权的民事法律保护，即人格权经济利益内涵的民事救济问题。文中首先概述了商事人格权民事法律保护的一般特点，如精神损害赔偿适用的有限性；接着论述了不当得利制度在维护人格权经济利益内涵中的适用问题；然后，重点论述了商事人格权损害赔偿的认定问题，提出应重新审视传统民法中财产损害赔偿与精神损害赔偿的二分法，主张应区分对商事人格权本身造成的直接的、人格性的无形财产损害与因侵害商事人格权而导致的间接、具体的经济损失，如应将对商誉本身的损害和因侵害商誉权而造成的客户退货等财产损失相区别，并分别予以赔偿。最后，本文提出了若干建议，以完善我国人格权法律制度，切实维护人格权中经济利益内涵。更多还原

【Abstract】 The commercial right of personality is a new concept that has not been found in Laws and legal textbooks. In modern commercial society, there are some important social phenomena of private interests, which stem from both property and personality and are not able to be completely explained and fully protected in traditional notion of property right or personality right merely. The purpose of using the commercial rights of personality as the subject of this dissertation is to try to survey the explanation of these phenomena in jurisprudence and the protection of the interests by law from a new view.In Chapter I, many new issues, which are confronted by traditional legal system and theory of personality right in the practice of modern commercial society, are brought out through some cases. They include: whether or not the right of personality containing the economic interests elements, what kind legal nature the right of personality to be while being commercially exploited, whether or not the right of personality being able to be transferred or inherited, how to protect the right of personality commercially exploited, etc.. After the theory puzzle about these problems being discussed simply, the thinking of commercial rights of personality is referred to. Generally speaking, commercial rights of personality means the private right of human being or juristic person to safeguard his or its personality interests which has contains economic interests connotation and commercial value in his or it’s personality. As an functional concept, the worth of commercial rights of personality is displayed in four aspects: helpful to reveal the new relation between the property right and personality right, to bring to someone’s serious attention on the economic interests in the right of personality, to provide theory background and legal framework for the commercial exploitation of personality right, to emphasize the complete protection of the interests of the right of personality.Chapter II, through studying the system of private right and it’s evolving, expounds the history base which the concept of commercial rights of personality emerges from, and indicates that commercial rights of personality is the mixture of property right and personality right. In modern society, the absolute difference between the property right and personality right is becoming relative one. Through analyzing the development and trend of the right of personality, the article indicates that some natural person’s right of <WP=5>personality and some juristic person’s one have contained economic interests element and differ from the traditional concept of personality right; on the other hand, after expounding the development of property right---from tangible to intangible, the article indicates that a new type of property right different to intellectual property right---the intangible property right in persona has been evolving, such as "the rights of publicity" in America law. As a conclusion of this chapter, the article considers that commercial rights of personality is a transitional or mixed type of right between the right of personality and the right of property."Chapter III expounds the object of commercial rights of personality. In first section, taking the object of the right of publicity as an example, the article discusses the name, likeness and other individual’s identities, and indicates that what commercial rights of personality protects is not the words constituting the name or the likeness itself but the individual personality or persona—a specific intangible goods identified by them. In second section, after defining the concept of trade name and surveying the legal system of trade name in America, France and Germany, the article thinks that the nature of trade name is not influenced by the registration and is of property and information. In third section, the article expounds goodwill and advocates that goodwill should be separated from the reputation. Although the goodwill is regarded merely as a type of intangible property in common la更多还原