夏商时代都城制度研究

【作者】 张国硕；

【导师】 李民；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 中国古代史， 2000， 博士

【摘要】 夏商时代属中国古代史上的奴隶社会。这个阶段，国家及其都城产生，都城制度逐渐形成。研究发现，夏王朝时期的阳翟（今河南禹州）、斟寻（今河南偃师）、商丘（今河南濮阳）、斟灌（今山东、河南二省交界处）、原（今河南济源）、老丘（今河南开封境）、西河（今河南洛阳西至陕西华阴东区间）等具有都城性质，其中商丘、斟灌为临时性都城；商王朝的都城有毫、隞（今郑州西北郊，或山东、豫东某地）、相（今河南北部）、邢（庇、耿，今河北邢台）、奄（今山东曲阜）、殷等；而考古发现的二里头遗址（斟寻）、郑州商城（毫）、偃师商城（西毫）、洹北商城（相）、安阳殷墟（殷）等遗址，皆具备都城性质。 在设都方面，夏商时代既施行一都制，也施行多都制。这个时代都城制度的核心是主辅都制。由于地域辽阔、交通不便等原因，夏、商王朝在设立一个主要都城的同时，在其版图内另设立一个或几个辅助性政治、军事中心。主辅都制萌芽于夏禹时期，形成于帝宁时期，存在于夏商时代的相当长时段。在主辅都制下，主都一般不变迁或较少变迁，而辅都则根据政治、军事需要屡经设立和变迁。具体来说，夏王朝从太康至桀一直以斟寻为其主都，帝宁之后又设立原、老丘、西河等辅都；商王朝前期以郑州商城为主都，另设立偃师商城、隞、相、邢、奄等辅都；商代后期主要以殷为都，但在商代末年朝歌也具有实际辅都性质。夏商时代并不存在一都制下的都城“屡迁”现象，这是由于没有任何理由可以导致夏商时代都城屡迁，考古材料也证明一些夏、商都城存在年代甚长。这就是说，夏商时代具有主都相对稳定性和辅都相对屡迁性之特点。需要指出的是，盘庚是从郑州商城而非从奄或耿迁往殷地的，盘庚迁殷的原因与当时频仍的水灾导致郑州一带生态环境恶化有关。 中国古代施行的离宫别馆制度在夏代已处于滥觞阶段；商代前期此项制度正式形成，最著名的离宫别馆当数位于西毫之东不远的桐宫；商代后期为离宫别馆制度的繁盛期。从武丁开始，妹邑（朝歌）即为离宫别馆，直至帝纣后期演变为实际辅都性质。离宫别馆既应用于夏、商王之娱乐，又是夏、商王田猎时的驻跸之所和都城之外的政治活动g8 场所。 Z 夏商时代人们已有意识地选择最佳位置建造都城。当时遵循着主都（包括一都制 3 Z 下的都城）居中和辅都在边制度、都城所处地域生态环境优越制度、地貌条件适宜居民Z 生活及城市发展制度。夏、商都城大多位于河流、湖泽岸边或附近，有良好的水源条件；和水上交通条件。z 夏商时代施行城郭制和守在四边制等两种都城军事防御制度。前者如郑州商城、 惬师商城等，主要以大型城垣为都城的防御设施；后者如二里头遗址、安阳殷墟等，则淡 化都城地区的军事防御，不设立大规模的城垣，都城地区的安全主要通过加强周边地区 的军事防御来予以保障。城郭制多应用于新、旧王朝更替、社会动乱、国势衰弱时期，体 现的是“筑城以卫君，造郭以守民”的建城思想。而守在四边制一般应用于和平时期和 国势强大时期。此外，夏商时代建造城郭制都城还遵循以下几项原则：一是先宫殿（宫 城）、居民点后郭城（外城）的建造顺序，二是宫墙、内城墙、外城墙、护城壕、自然河湖等 多重防御设施的组合配置，三是城郭建造的因地制宜性。 在都城的规划布局方面，夏商时代至少遵循7项制度：一是宗庙、宫室、手工业作坊 必备制度；二是都城及宫室区设立中轴线制度；三是宫室区居中制度；四是宫室区与平 民区分离制度；五是宫室区建造施行前朝后寝制度；六是宫室区附设池苑制度，七是王 陵区位在都城西北方向制度。 夏、商王朝的都城制度对周边方国产生了较大影响，在都城选址、军事防御、规划布 局等方面，诸方国都城大多仿效夏、商王朝的都城制度建造都邑。夏、商王朝之都城制 度对后世诸王朝产生了深远影响。其中夏、商王朝的主辅都制对后世王朝的影响最为 明显，从西周开始至明清时期，历朝历代多施行主辅都制或多都制。此外，夏商时代的 离宫别馆制度、都城选址制度、军事防御制度、都城规划布局制度等，对后世诸王朝也造 成了一定程度的影响。53Z更多还原

【Abstract】 The epoch of Xia and Shang dynasties belongs to the slave society in the ancient history of China. In the stage, capital system was gradually taking shape with the state and capital emerging. We have discovered by studying that some cities in the time of Xia Dynasty characterized by capital, they are: Yangdi (to- day抯 Yuzhou in Henan) , Zhenxun( today?s Yanshi in Henan) , Shangqiu( to- day抯 Puyang in Henan) , Zhenguan( today抯 bordering place between Shandong and Henan),Yuan(today抯 Jiyuan in Henan),Laoqiu(within today抯 Kaifeng in Henan) ,Xihe (the place from today抯 west Luoyang to today抯 east Huayin in Shanxi), among which Shangqiu and Zhenguan were temporary capitals. There are capitals in Shang Dynasty such as Buo, Ao (northwestern suburb of today抯 Zhengzhou, or some place between Shandong and east Henan) ,Xiang (the north of today抯 Henan) ,Xing(Bi ,Geng,today抯 Xingtai in Hebei) ,Yan (today抯 Qufu in Shandong) ,Yin and so on. There are some archaeological sites such as Erlitou site(Zhenxun) ,Zhengzhou Shang city site(Buo) ,Yanshi Shang city site (west Buo) ,Huanbei Shang city site (Xiang) ,Yin Ruins of Anyang (Yin)etc,which are all characterized by capital. In the establishment of capital, both single capital system and multicapital system were being practiced during the era of Xia and Shang dynasties. The era took the system of the chief capital and auxiliary capital as the core of the capi- tal system. For the sake of the vast territory and the inconvenient traffic, Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty, which establishing a chief capital, also set up an- other or other assistant centers for the political and military purposes within the domain of the empires. The system of the chief and auxiliary capital appeared in the time of King Xia Yu, took shape in the time of King Dining, and existed in the era of Xia and Shang dynasties for a long time. On the basis of the system of ??? the chief and auxiliary capital, the chief capital was generally settled without changes or with few changes, while the auxiliary capital needed to be estab- lished and moved frequently according to the pollital and military needs. Con- cretely speaking, Xia Dynasty had been taking Zhenxun as the chief capital from King Taikang to king Jie and setting up Yuan, Laoqiu, Xihe, etc as auxiliary capitals after King Dining. Shang Dynasty took Zhengzhou Shang city as the chief capital in the early days while establishing some assistant capitals such as Yanshi Shang city, Ao, Xiang, Xing, Yan, etc. In the late Shang Dynasty, Yin was taken as a main capital with Zhaoge practically featured as an assistant cap- ital. There was no phenomenon of frequent capital moving under one capital system during the time of Xia and Shang dynasties, as there are no any reasons bringing about the capital moving in Xia and Shang dynasties. Meanwhile, relat- ed archaeological data have also proved the long time length on the existence of capitals during Xia and Shang dynasties. That is to say, the era of Xia and Shang dynasties was characterized by the relative stability of the chief capitals and the relatively frequent movenment of the assistant capitals. It?s necessary for us to point out that King Pangeng moved to Yin land from Zhengzhou rath- er than from Yan or Geng( Xing). The reason for King Pangeng?s movement to Yin land was related to the deterioration of the ecological environment around Zhengzhou, caused by the frequent floods at that time.更多还原