As a kind of metallic element with high concentration in air particulate matter(PM), lead (Pb) can cause severe adverse effects to human even at low level, in particular for children. Lead is a nonvolatile element, mainly exists in particulate matter in air. It was found that major sources of Pb in PM of Shanghai were coal combustion, vehicle exhaust emissions and metallurgic dusts. After the phasing out of leaded gasoline in 1997 in Shanghai, the Pb concentration in total suspended particles (TSP) decrease...