Background: Pancreatic carcinoma has become one of the most common malignant tumors in the digestive tract and has the lowest survival rate compared to any other solid cancer. During the last 2 decades, the incidence of pancreatic carcinoma in the world is rising. However, the 5-year survival of patients with pancreatic carcinoma has not improved significantly. Currently, there are lack of markers for early detection and targets for therapy. The process of cancer initiation, progression, and formation of me...