Atrial fibrillation(AF) is a multifactorial disease and the mechanisms that underlie AF are various.Long-term persistence of AF unavoidably causes structural remodeling changes;therefore,it is crucial to treat early electrical atrial remodeling as a target in anti-AF therapy.Here we reviewed the physiological bases of electrical atrial remodeling,the unique features of atrial intracellular Ca2+ management in AF patients and the novel medical treatments for AF.